Deep Generative Classification of Blood Cell Morphology

Accurate classification of haematological cells is critical for diagnosing blood disorders, but presents significant challenges for machine automation owing to the complexity of cell morphology, heterogeneities of biological, pathological, and imaging characteristics, and the imbalance of cell type frequencies. We introduce CytoDiffusion, a diffusion-based classifier that effectively models blood cell morphology, combining accurate classification with robust anomaly detection, resistance to distributional shifts, interpretability, data efficiency, and superhuman uncertainty quantification. Our approach outperforms state-of-the-art discriminative models in anomaly detection (AUC 0.976 vs. 0.919), resistance to domain shifts (85.85% vs. 74.38% balanced accuracy), and performance in low-data regimes (95.88% vs. 94.95% balanced accuracy). Notably, our model generates synthetic blood cell images that are nearly indistinguishable from real images, as demonstrated by a Turing test in which expert haematologists achieved only 52.3% accuracy (95% CI: [50.5%, 54.2%]). Furthermore, we enhance model explainability through the generation of directly interpretable counterfactual heatmaps. Our comprehensive evaluation framework, encompassing these multiple performance dimensions, establishes a new benchmark for medical image analysis in haematology, ultimately enabling improved diagnostic accuracy in clinical settings. Our code is available at https://github.com/Deltadahl/CytoDiffusion.

Recent Methodological Advances in Federated Learning for Healthcare

For healthcare datasets, it is often not possible to combine data samples from multiple sites due to ethical, privacy or logistical concerns. Federated learning allows for the utilisation of powerful machine learning algorithms without requiring the pooling of data. Healthcare data has many simultaneous challenges which require new methodologies to address, such as highly-siloed data, class imbalance, missing data, distribution shifts and non-standardised variables. Federated learning adds significant methodological complexity to conventional centralised machine learning, requiring distributed optimisation, communication between nodes, aggregation of models and redistribution of models. In this systematic review, we consider all papers on Scopus that were published between January 2015 and February 2023 and which describe new federated learning methodologies for addressing challenges with healthcare data. We performed a detailed review of the 89 papers which fulfilled these criteria. Significant systemic issues were identified throughout the literature which compromise the methodologies in many of the papers reviewed. We give detailed recommendations to help improve the quality of the methodology development for federated learning in healthcare.

Dis-AE: Multi-domain & Multi-task Generalisation on Real-World Clinical Data

Clinical data is often affected by clinically irrelevant factors such as discrepancies between measurement devices or differing processing methods between sites. In the field of machine learning (ML), these factors are known as domains and the distribution differences they cause in the data are known as domain shifts. ML models trained using data from one domain often perform poorly when applied to data from another domain, potentially leading to wrong predictions. As such, developing machine learning models that can generalise well across multiple domains is a challenging yet essential task in the successful application of ML in clinical practice. In this paper, we propose a novel disentangled autoencoder (Dis-AE) neural network architecture that can learn domain-invariant data representations for multi-label classification of medical measurements even when the data is influenced by multiple interacting domain shifts at once. The model utilises adversarial training to produce data representations from which the domain can no longer be determined. We evaluate the model's domain generalisation capabilities on synthetic datasets and full blood count (FBC) data from blood donors as well as primary and secondary care patients, showing that Dis-AE improves model generalisation on multiple domains simultaneously while preserving clinically relevant information.