Snapshot multi-spectral imaging through defocusing and a Fourier imager network

Multi-spectral imaging, which simultaneously captures the spatial and spectral information of a scene, is widely used across diverse fields, including remote sensing, biomedical imaging, and agricultural monitoring. Here, we introduce a snapshot multi-spectral imaging approach employing a standard monochrome image sensor with no additional spectral filters or customized components. Our system leverages the inherent chromatic aberration of wavelength-dependent defocusing as a natural source of physical encoding of multi-spectral information; this encoded image information is rapidly decoded via a deep learning-based multi-spectral Fourier Imager Network (mFIN). We experimentally tested our method with six illumination bands and demonstrated an overall accuracy of 92.98% for predicting the illumination channels at the input and achieved a robust multi-spectral image reconstruction on various test objects. This deep learning-powered framework achieves high-quality multi-spectral image reconstruction using snapshot image acquisition with a monochrome image sensor and could be useful for applications in biomedicine, industrial quality control, and agriculture, among others.

BlurryScope: a cost-effective and compact scanning microscope for automated HER2 scoring using deep learning on blurry image data

We developed a rapid scanning optical microscope, termed "BlurryScope", that leverages continuous image acquisition and deep learning to provide a cost-effective and compact solution for automated inspection and analysis of tissue sections. BlurryScope integrates specialized hardware with a neural network-based model to quickly process motion-blurred histological images and perform automated pathology classification. This device offers comparable speed to commercial digital pathology scanners, but at a significantly lower price point and smaller size/weight, making it ideal for fast triaging in small clinics, as well as for resource-limited settings. To demonstrate the proof-of-concept of BlurryScope, we implemented automated classification of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) scores on immunohistochemically (IHC) stained breast tissue sections, achieving concordant results with those obtained from a high-end digital scanning microscope. We evaluated this approach by scanning HER2-stained tissue microarrays (TMAs) at a continuous speed of 5 mm/s, which introduces bidirectional motion blur artifacts. These compromised images were then used to train our network models. Using a test set of 284 unique patient cores, we achieved blind testing accuracies of 79.3% and 89.7% for 4-class (0, 1+, 2+, 3+) and 2-class (0/1+ , 2+/3+) HER2 score classification, respectively. BlurryScope automates the entire workflow, from image scanning to stitching and cropping of regions of interest, as well as HER2 score classification. We believe BlurryScope has the potential to enhance the current pathology infrastructure in resource-scarce environments, save diagnostician time and bolster cancer identification and classification across various clinical environments.

Neural Network-Based Processing and Reconstruction of Compromised Biophotonic Image Data

The integration of deep learning techniques with biophotonic setups has opened new horizons in bioimaging. A compelling trend in this field involves deliberately compromising certain measurement metrics to engineer better bioimaging tools in terms of cost, speed, and form-factor, followed by compensating for the resulting defects through the utilization of deep learning models trained on a large amount of ideal, superior or alternative data. This strategic approach has found increasing popularity due to its potential to enhance various aspects of biophotonic imaging. One of the primary motivations for employing this strategy is the pursuit of higher temporal resolution or increased imaging speed, critical for capturing fine dynamic biological processes. This approach also offers the prospect of simplifying hardware requirements/complexities, thereby making advanced imaging standards more accessible in terms of cost and/or size. This article provides an in-depth review of the diverse measurement aspects that researchers intentionally impair in their biophotonic setups, including the point spread function, signal-to-noise ratio, sampling density, and pixel resolution. By deliberately compromising these metrics, researchers aim to not only recuperate them through the application of deep learning networks, but also bolster in return other crucial parameters, such as the field-of-view, depth-of-field, and space-bandwidth product. Here, we discuss various biophotonic methods that have successfully employed this strategic approach. These techniques span broad applications and showcase the versatility and effectiveness of deep learning in the context of compromised biophotonic data. Finally, by offering our perspectives on the future possibilities of this rapidly evolving concept, we hope to motivate our readers to explore novel ways of balancing hardware compromises with compensation via AI.