Path Loss Prediction Using Machine Learning with Extended Features

Wireless communications rely on path loss modeling, which is most effective when it includes the physical details of the propagation environment. Acquiring this data has historically been challenging, but geographic information system data is becoming increasingly available with higher resolution and accuracy. Access to such details enables propagation models to more accurately predict coverage and minimize interference in wireless deployments. Machine learning-based modeling can significantly support this effort, with feature-based approaches allowing for accurate, efficient, and scalable propagation modeling. Building on previous work, we introduce an extended set of features that improves prediction accuracy while, most importantly, maintaining model generalization across a broad range of environments.

Investigating Map-Based Path Loss Models: A Study of Feature Representations in Convolutional Neural Networks

Path loss prediction is a beneficial tool for efficient use of the radio frequency spectrum. Building on prior research on high-resolution map-based path loss models, this paper studies convolutional neural network input representations in more detail. We investigate different methods of representing scalar features in convolutional neural networks. Specifically, we compare using frequency and distance as input channels to convolutional layers or as scalar inputs to regression layers. We assess model performance using three different feature configurations and find that representing scalar features as image channels results in the strongest generalization.

Uncertainty Estimation for Path Loss and Radio Metric Models

This research leverages Conformal Prediction (CP) in the form of Conformal Predictive Systems (CPS) to accurately estimate uncertainty in a suite of machine learning (ML)-based radio metric models [1] as well as in a 2-D map-based ML path loss model [2]. Utilizing diverse difficulty estimators, we construct 95% confidence prediction intervals (PIs) that are statistically robust. Our experiments demonstrate that CPS models, trained on Toronto datasets, generalize effectively to other cities such as Vancouver and Montreal, maintaining high coverage and reliability. Furthermore, the employed difficulty estimators identify challenging samples, leading to measurable reductions in RMSE as dataset difficulty decreases. These findings highlight the effectiveness of scalable and reliable uncertainty estimation through CPS in wireless network modeling, offering important potential insights for network planning, operations, and spectrum management.

Path Loss Prediction Using Deep Learning

Radio deployments and spectrum planning can benefit from path loss predictions. Obstructions along a communications link are often considered implicitly or through derived metrics such as representative clutter height or total obstruction depth. In this paper, we propose a path-specific path loss prediction method that uses convolutional neural networks to automatically perform feature extraction from high-resolution obstruction height maps. Our methods result in low prediction error in a variety of environments without requiring derived obstruction metrics.

Conformal Prediction for Multimodal Regression

This paper introduces multimodal conformal regression. Traditionally confined to scenarios with solely numerical input features, conformal prediction is now extended to multimodal contexts through our methodology, which harnesses internal features from complex neural network architectures processing images and unstructured text. Our findings highlight the potential for internal neural network features, extracted from convergence points where multimodal information is combined, to be used by conformal prediction to construct prediction intervals (PIs). This capability paves new paths for deploying conformal prediction in domains abundant with multimodal data, enabling a broader range of problems to benefit from guaranteed distribution-free uncertainty quantification.

Target Strangeness: A Novel Conformal Prediction Difficulty Estimator

This paper introduces Target Strangeness, a novel difficulty estimator for conformal prediction (CP) that offers an alternative approach for normalizing prediction intervals (PIs). By assessing how atypical a prediction is within the context of its nearest neighbours' target distribution, Target Strangeness can surpass the current state-of-the-art performance. This novel difficulty estimator is evaluated against others in the context of several conformal regression experiments.

Clutter Classification Using Deep Learning in Multiple Stages

Path loss prediction for wireless communications is highly dependent on the local environment. Propagation models including clutter information have been shown to significantly increase model accuracy. This paper explores the application of deep learning to satellite imagery to identify environmental clutter types automatically. Recognizing these clutter types has numerous uses, but our main application is to use clutter information to enhance propagation prediction models. Knowing the type of obstruction (tree, building, and further classifications) can improve the prediction accuracy of key propagation metrics such as path loss.

Signal Attenuation through Foliage Estimator (SAFE)

The SAFE tool is an open-source Radio Frequency (RF) propagation model designed for path loss predictions in foliage-dominant environments. It utilizes the ITU-R P.1812-6 model as its backbone, enhances predictions with the physics-based Radiative Energy Transfer (RET) model and makes use of high-resolution terrain and clutter elevation datasets

Machine Learning-Based Path Loss Modeling with Simplified Features

Propagation modeling is a crucial tool for successful wireless deployments and spectrum planning with the demand for high modeling accuracy continuing to grow. Recognizing that detailed knowledge of the physical environment (terrain and clutter) is essential, we propose a novel approach that uses environmental information for predictions. Instead of relying on complex, detail-intensive models, we explore the use of simplified scalar features involving the total obstruction depth along the direct path from transmitter to receiver. Obstacle depth offers a streamlined, yet surprisingly accurate, method for predicting wireless signal propagation, providing a practical solution for efficient and effective wireless network planning.

Deep learning approaches for fast radio signal prediction

The aim of this work is the prediction of power coverage in a dense urban environment given building and transmitter locations. Conventionally ray-tracing is regarded as the most accurate method to predict energy distribution patterns in the area in the presence of diverse radio propagation phenomena. However, ray-tracing simulations are time consuming and require extensive computational resources. We propose deep neural network models to learn from ray-tracing results and predict the power coverage dynamically from buildings and transmitter properties. The proposed UNET model with strided convolutions and inception modules provide highly accurate results that are close to the ray-tracing output on 32x32 frames. This model will allow practitioners to search for the best transmitter locations effectively and reduce the design time significantly.