Physics-aware differentiable design of magnetically actuated kirigami for shape morphing

Shape morphing that transforms morphologies in response to stimuli is crucial for future multifunctional systems. While kirigami holds great promise in enhancing shape-morphing, existing designs primarily focus on kinematics and overlook the underlying physics. This study introduces a differentiable inverse design framework that considers the physical interplay between geometry, materials, and stimuli of active kirigami, made by soft material embedded with magnetic particles, to realize target shape-morphing upon magnetic excitation. We achieve this by combining differentiable kinematics and energy models into a constrained optimization, simultaneously designing the cuts and magnetization orientations to ensure kinematic and physical feasibility. Complex kirigami designs are obtained automatically with unparallel efficiency, which can be remotely controlled to morph into intricate target shapes and even multiple states. The proposed framework can be extended to accommodate various active systems, bridging geometry and physics to push the frontiers in shape-morphing applications, like flexible electronics and minimally invasive surgery.

Stiffness Change for Reconfiguration of Inflated Beam Robots

Active control of the shape of soft robots is challenging. Despite having an infinite number of passive degrees of freedom (DOFs), soft robots typically only have a few actively controllable DOFs, limited by the number of degrees of actuation (DOAs). The complexity of actuators restricts the number of DOAs that can be incorporated into soft robots. Active shape control is further complicated by the buckling of soft robots under compressive forces; this is particularly challenging for compliant continuum robots due to their long aspect ratios. In this work, we show how variable stiffness can enable shape control of soft robots by addressing these challenges. Dynamically changing the stiffness of sections along a compliant continuum robot can selectively "activate" discrete joints. By changing which joints are activated, the output of a single actuator can be reconfigured to actively control many different joints, thus decoupling the number of controllable DOFs from the number of DOAs. We demonstrate embedded positive pressure layer jamming as a simple method for stiffness change in inflated beam robots, its compatibility with growing robots, and its use as an "activating" technology. We experimentally characterize the stiffness change in a growing inflated beam robot and present finite element models which serve as guides for robot design and fabrication. We fabricate a multi-segment everting inflated beam robot and demonstrate how stiffness change is compatible with growth through tip eversion, enables an increase in workspace, and achieves new actuation patterns not possible without stiffening.

Spinning-enabled Wireless Amphibious Origami Millirobot

Wireless millimeter-scale origami robots that can locomote in narrow spaces and morph their shapes have recently been explored with great potential for biomedical applications. Existing millimeter-scale origami devices usually require separate geometrical components for locomotion and functions, which increases the complexity of the robotic systems and their operation upon limited locomotion modes. Additionally, none of them can achieve both on-ground and in-water locomotion. Here we report a magnetically actuated amphibious origami millirobot that integrates capabilities of spinning-enabled multimodal locomotion, controlled delivery of liquid medicine, and cargo transportation with wireless operation. This millirobot takes full advantage of the geometrical features and folding/unfolding capability of Kresling origami, a triangulated hollow cylinder, to fulfill multifunction: its geometrical features are exploited for generating omnidirectional locomotion in various working environments, including on unstructured ground, in liquids, and at air-liquid interfaces through rolling, flipping, and spinning-induced propulsion; the folding/unfolding is utilized as a pumping mechanism for integrated multifunctionality such as controlled delivery of liquid medicine; furthermore, the spinning motion provides a sucking mechanism for targeted solid cargo transportation. This origami millirobot breaks the conventional way of utilizing origami folding only for shape reconfiguration and integrates multiple functions in one simple body. We anticipate the reported magnetic amphibious origami millirobots have the potential to serve as minimally invasive devices for biomedical diagnoses and treatments.