Towards Generalizable Vision-Language Robotic Manipulation: A Benchmark and LLM-guided 3D Policy

Generalizing language-conditioned robotic policies to new tasks remains a significant challenge, hampered by the lack of suitable simulation benchmarks. In this paper, we address this gap by introducing GemBench, a novel benchmark to assess generalization capabilities of vision-language robotic manipulation policies. GemBench incorporates seven general action primitives and four levels of generalization, spanning novel placements, rigid and articulated objects, and complex long-horizon tasks. We evaluate state-of-the-art approaches on GemBench and also introduce a new method. Our approach 3D-LOTUS leverages rich 3D information for action prediction conditioned on language. While 3D-LOTUS excels in both efficiency and performance on seen tasks, it struggles with novel tasks. To address this, we present 3D-LOTUS++, a framework that integrates 3D-LOTUS's motion planning capabilities with the task planning capabilities of LLMs and the object grounding accuracy of VLMs. 3D-LOTUS++ achieves state-of-the-art performance on novel tasks of GemBench, setting a new standard for generalization in robotic manipulation. The benchmark, codes and trained models are available at \url{https://www.di.ens.fr/willow/research/gembench/}.

SUGAR: Pre-training 3D Visual Representations for Robotics

Learning generalizable visual representations from Internet data has yielded promising results for robotics. Yet, prevailing approaches focus on pre-training 2D representations, being sub-optimal to deal with occlusions and accurately localize objects in complex 3D scenes. Meanwhile, 3D representation learning has been limited to single-object understanding. To address these limitations, we introduce a novel 3D pre-training framework for robotics named SUGAR that captures semantic, geometric and affordance properties of objects through 3D point clouds. We underscore the importance of cluttered scenes in 3D representation learning, and automatically construct a multi-object dataset benefiting from cost-free supervision in simulation. SUGAR employs a versatile transformer-based model to jointly address five pre-training tasks, namely cross-modal knowledge distillation for semantic learning, masked point modeling to understand geometry structures, grasping pose synthesis for object affordance, 3D instance segmentation and referring expression grounding to analyze cluttered scenes. We evaluate our learned representation on three robotic-related tasks, namely, zero-shot 3D object recognition, referring expression grounding, and language-driven robotic manipulation. Experimental results show that SUGAR's 3D representation outperforms state-of-the-art 2D and 3D representations.

PolarNet: 3D Point Clouds for Language-Guided Robotic Manipulation

The ability for robots to comprehend and execute manipulation tasks based on natural language instructions is a long-term goal in robotics. The dominant approaches for language-guided manipulation use 2D image representations, which face difficulties in combining multi-view cameras and inferring precise 3D positions and relationships. To address these limitations, we propose a 3D point cloud based policy called PolarNet for language-guided manipulation. It leverages carefully designed point cloud inputs, efficient point cloud encoders, and multimodal transformers to learn 3D point cloud representations and integrate them with language instructions for action prediction. PolarNet is shown to be effective and data efficient in a variety of experiments conducted on the RLBench benchmark. It outperforms state-of-the-art 2D and 3D approaches in both single-task and multi-task learning. It also achieves promising results on a real robot.

Robust Visual Sim-to-Real Transfer for Robotic Manipulation

Learning visuomotor policies in simulation is much safer and cheaper than in the real world. However, due to discrepancies between the simulated and real data, simulator-trained policies often fail when transferred to real robots. One common approach to bridge the visual sim-to-real domain gap is domain randomization (DR). While previous work mainly evaluates DR for disembodied tasks, such as pose estimation and object detection, here we systematically explore visual domain randomization methods and benchmark them on a rich set of challenging robotic manipulation tasks. In particular, we propose an off-line proxy task of cube localization to select DR parameters for texture randomization, lighting randomization, variations of object colors and camera parameters. Notably, we demonstrate that DR parameters have similar impact on our off-line proxy task and on-line policies. We, hence, use off-line optimized DR parameters to train visuomotor policies in simulation and directly apply such policies to a real robot. Our approach achieves 93% success rate on average when tested on a diverse set of challenging manipulation tasks. Moreover, we evaluate the robustness of policies to visual variations in real scenes and show that our simulator-trained policies outperform policies learned using real but limited data. Code, simulation environment, real robot datasets and trained models are available at https://www.di.ens.fr/willow/research/robust_s2r/.

Instruction-driven history-aware policies for robotic manipulations

In human environments, robots are expected to accomplish a variety of manipulation tasks given simple natural language instructions. Yet, robotic manipulation is extremely challenging as it requires fine-grained motor control, long-term memory as well as generalization to previously unseen tasks and environments. To address these challenges, we propose a unified transformer-based approach that takes into account multiple inputs. In particular, our transformer architecture integrates (i) natural language instructions and (ii) multi-view scene observations while (iii) keeping track of the full history of observations and actions. Such an approach enables learning dependencies between history and instructions and improves manipulation precision using multiple views. We evaluate our method on the challenging RLBench benchmark and on a real-world robot. Notably, our approach scales to 74 diverse RLBench tasks and outperforms the state of the art. We also address instruction-conditioned tasks and demonstrate excellent generalization to previously unseen variations.

Segmenter: Transformer for Semantic Segmentation

Image segmentation is often ambiguous at the level of individual image patches and requires contextual information to reach label consensus. In this paper we introduce Segmenter, a transformer model for semantic segmentation. In contrast to convolution based approaches, our approach allows to model global context already at the first layer and throughout the network. We build on the recent Vision Transformer (ViT) and extend it to semantic segmentation. To do so, we rely on the output embeddings corresponding to image patches and obtain class labels from these embeddings with a point-wise linear decoder or a mask transformer decoder. We leverage models pre-trained for image classification and show that we can fine-tune them on moderate sized datasets available for semantic segmentation. The linear decoder allows to obtain excellent results already, but the performance can be further improved by a mask transformer generating class masks. We conduct an extensive ablation study to show the impact of the different parameters, in particular the performance is better for large models and small patch sizes. Segmenter attains excellent results for semantic segmentation. It outperforms the state of the art on the challenging ADE20K dataset and performs on-par on Pascal Context and Cityscapes.

Learning Obstacle Representations for Neural Motion Planning

Motion planning and obstacle avoidance is a key challenge in robotics applications. While previous work succeeds to provide excellent solutions for known environments, sensor-based motion planning in new and dynamic environments remains difficult. In this work we address sensor-based motion planning from a learning perspective. Motivated by recent advances in visual recognition, we argue the importance of learning appropriate representations for motion planning. We propose a new obstacle representation based on the PointNet architecture and train it jointly with policies for obstacle avoidance. We experimentally evaluate our approach for rigid body motion planning in challenging environments and demonstrate significant improvements of the state of the art in terms of accuracy and efficiency.