Achieving Beamfocusing via Two Separated Uniform Linear Arrays

This paper investigates coordinated beamforming using a modular linear array (MLA), composed of a pair of physically separated uniform linear arrays (ULAs), treated as sub-arrays. We focus on how such setups can give rise to near-field effects in 6G networks without requiring many antennas. Unlike conventional far-field beamforming, near-field beamforming enables simultaneous data service to multiple users at different distances in the same angular direction, offering significant multiplexing gains. We present a detailed analysis, including analytical expressions of the beamwidth and beamdepth for the MLA. Our findings reveal that using the MLA approach, we can remove approximately 36% of the antennas in the ULA while achieving the same level of beamfocusing.

Towards 6G MIMO: Massive Spatial Multiplexing, Dense Arrays, and Interplay Between Electromagnetics and Processing

The increasing demand for wireless data transfer has been the driving force behind the widespread adoption of Massive MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) technology in 5G. The next-generation MIMO technology is now being developed to cater to the new data traffic and performance expectations generated by new user devices and services in the next decade. The evolution towards "ultra-massive MIMO (UM-MIMO)" is not only about adding more antennas but will also uncover new propagation and hardware phenomena that can only be treated by jointly utilizing insights from the communication, electromagnetic (EM), and circuit theory areas. This article offers a comprehensive overview of the key benefits of the UM-MIMO technology and the associated challenges. It explores massive multiplexing facilitated by radiative near-field effects, characterizes the spatial degrees-of-freedom, and practical channel estimation schemes tailored for massive arrays. Moreover, we provide a tutorial on EM theory and circuit theory, and how it is used to obtain physically consistent antenna and channel models. Subsequently, the article describes different ways to implement massive and dense antenna arrays, and how to co-design antennas with signal processing. The main open research challenges are identified at the end.

Channel Estimation under Hardware Impairments: Bayesian Methods versus Deep Learning

This paper considers the impact of general hardware impairments in a multiple-antenna base station and user equipments on the uplink performance. First, the effective channels are analytically derived for distortion-aware receivers when using finite-sized signal constellations. Next, a deep feedforward neural network is designed and trained to estimate the effective channels. Its performance is compared with state-of-the-art distortion-aware and unaware Bayesian linear minimum mean-squared error (LMMSE) estimators. The proposed deep learning approach improves the estimation quality by exploiting impairment characteristics, while LMMSE methods treat distortion as noise.

A Primer on Near-Field Beamforming for Arrays and Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces

Wireless communication systems have almost exclusively operated in the far-field of antennas and antenna arrays, which is conventionally characterized by having propagation distances beyond the Fraunhofer distance. This is natural since the Fraunhofer distance is normally only a few wavelengths. With the advent of active arrays and passive reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) that are physically large, it is plausible that the transmitter or receiver is located in between the Fraunhofer distance of the individual array/surface elements and the Fraunhofer distance of the entire array. An RIS then can be configured to reflect the incident waveform towards a point in the radiative near-field of the surface, resulting in a beam with finite depth, or as a conventional angular beam with infinity focus, which only results in amplification in the far-field. To understand when these different options are viable, an accurate characterization of the near-field behaviors is necessary. In this paper, we revisit the motivation and approximations behind the Fraunhofer distance and show that it is not the right metric for determining when near-field focusing is possible. We obtain the distance range where finite-depth beamforming is possible and the distance where the beamforming gain tapers off.