Interpreting Arithmetic Mechanism in Large Language Models through Comparative Neuron Analysis

We find arithmetic ability resides within a limited number of attention heads, with each head specializing in distinct operations. To delve into the reason, we introduce the Comparative Neuron Analysis (CNA) method, which identifies an internal logic chain consisting of four distinct stages from input to prediction: feature enhancing with shallow FFN neurons, feature transferring by shallow attention layers, feature predicting by arithmetic heads, and prediction enhancing among deep FFN neurons. Moreover, we identify the human-interpretable FFN neurons within both feature-enhancing and feature-predicting stages. These findings lead us to investigate the mechanism of LoRA, revealing that it enhances prediction probabilities by amplifying the coefficient scores of FFN neurons related to predictions. Finally, we apply our method in model pruning for arithmetic tasks and model editing for reducing gender bias. Code is on https://github.com/zepingyu0512/arithmetic-mechanism.

How do Large Language Models Learn In-Context? Query and Key Matrices of In-Context Heads are Two Towers for Metric Learning

We explore the mechanism of in-context learning and propose a hypothesis using locate-and-project method. In shallow layers, the features of demonstrations are merged into their corresponding labels, and the features of the input text are aggregated into the last token. In deep layers, in-context heads make great contributions. In each in-context head, the value-output matrix extracts the labels' features. Query and key matrices compute the attention weights between the input text and each demonstration. The larger the attention weight is, the more label information is transferred into the last token for predicting the next word. Query and key matrices can be regarded as two towers for learning the similarity metric between the input text and each demonstration. Based on this hypothesis, we explain why imbalanced labels and demonstration order affect predictions. We conduct experiments on GPT2 large, Llama 7B, 13B and 30B. The results can support our analysis. Overall, our study provides a new method and a reasonable hypothesis for understanding the mechanism of in-context learning. Our code will be released on github.

EmoLLMs: A Series of Emotional Large Language Models and Annotation Tools for Comprehensive Affective Analysis

Sentiment analysis and emotion detection are important research topics in natural language processing (NLP) and benefit many downstream tasks. With the widespread application of LLMs, researchers have started exploring the application of LLMs based on instruction-tuning in the field of sentiment analysis. However, these models only focus on single aspects of affective classification tasks (e.g. sentimental polarity or categorical emotions), and overlook the regression tasks (e.g. sentiment strength or emotion intensity), which leads to poor performance in downstream tasks. The main reason is the lack of comprehensive affective instruction tuning datasets and evaluation benchmarks, which cover various affective classification and regression tasks. Moreover, although emotional information is useful for downstream tasks, existing downstream datasets lack high-quality and comprehensive affective annotations. In this paper, we propose EmoLLMs, the first series of open-sourced instruction-following LLMs for comprehensive affective analysis based on fine-tuning various LLMs with instruction data, the first multi-task affective analysis instruction dataset (AAID) with 234K data samples based on various classification and regression tasks to support LLM instruction tuning, and a comprehensive affective evaluation benchmark (AEB) with 14 tasks from various sources and domains to test the generalization ability of LLMs. We propose a series of EmoLLMs by fine-tuning LLMs with AAID to solve various affective instruction tasks. We compare our model with a variety of LLMs on AEB, where our models outperform all other open-sourced LLMs, and surpass ChatGPT and GPT-4 in most tasks, which shows that the series of EmoLLMs achieve the ChatGPT-level and GPT-4-level generalization capabilities on affective analysis tasks, and demonstrates our models can be used as affective annotation tools.

Exploring the Residual Stream of Transformers

Transformer-based models have achieved great breakthroughs in recent years. However, there are many significant questions that have not been answered in the field of explaining the reason why the models have powerful outputs. We do not know how to locate the models' important parameters storing the knowledge for predicting the next word, and whether these parameters are stored on the same layer/module or different ones. Moreover, we do not understand the mechanism to merge the knowledge into the final embedding for next word prediction. In this paper, we explore the residual stream of transformers to increase the interpretability. We find the mechanism behind residual connection is a direct addition function on before-softmax values, so the probabilities of tokens with larger before-softmax values will increase. Moreover, we prove that using log probability increase as contribution scores is reasonable, and based on this we can locate important parameters. Besides, we propose a method to analyze how previous layers affect upper layers by comparing the inner products. The experimental results and case study show that our research can increase the interpretability of transformer-based models. We will release our code on https://github.com/zepingyu0512/residualstream.

Emotion Detection for Misinformation: A Review

With the advent of social media, an increasing number of netizens are sharing and reading posts and news online. However, the huge volumes of misinformation (e.g., fake news and rumors) that flood the internet can adversely affect people's lives, and have resulted in the emergence of rumor and fake news detection as a hot research topic. The emotions and sentiments of netizens, as expressed in social media posts and news, constitute important factors that can help to distinguish fake news from genuine news and to understand the spread of rumors. This article comprehensively reviews emotion-based methods for misinformation detection. We begin by explaining the strong links between emotions and misinformation. We subsequently provide a detailed analysis of a range of misinformation detection methods that employ a variety of emotion, sentiment and stance-based features, and describe their strengths and weaknesses. Finally, we discuss a number of ongoing challenges in emotion-based misinformation detection based on large language models and suggest future research directions, including data collection (multi-platform, multilingual), annotation, benchmark, multimodality, and interpretability.

Sliced Recurrent Neural Networks

Recurrent neural networks have achieved great success in many NLP tasks. However, they have difficulty in parallelization because of the recurrent structure, so it takes much time to train RNNs. In this paper, we introduce sliced recurrent neural networks (SRNNs), which could be parallelized by slicing the sequences into many subsequences. SRNNs have the ability to obtain high-level information through multiple layers with few extra parameters. We prove that the standard RNN is a special case of the SRNN when we use linear activation functions. Without changing the recurrent units, SRNNs are 136 times as fast as standard RNNs and could be even faster when we train longer sequences. Experiments on six largescale sentiment analysis datasets show that SRNNs achieve better performance than standard RNNs.