Time-Varying Graph Signal Estimation among Multiple Sub-Networks

This paper presents an estimation method for time-varying graph signals among multiple sub-networks. In many sensor networks, signals observed are associated with nodes (i.e., sensors), and edges of the network represent the inter-node connectivity. For a large sensor network, measuring signal values at all nodes over time requires huge resources, particularly in terms of energy consumption. To alleviate the issue, we consider a scenario that a sub-network, i.e., cluster, from the whole network is extracted and an intra-cluster analysis is performed based on the statistics in the cluster. The statistics are then utilized to estimate signal values in another cluster. This leads to the requirement for transferring a set of parameters of the sub-network to the others, while the numbers of nodes in the clusters are typically different. In this paper, we propose a cooperative Kalman filter between two sub-networks. The proposed method alternately estimates signals in time between two sub-networks. We formulate a state-space model in the source cluster and transfer it to the target cluster on the basis of optimal transport. In the signal estimation experiments of synthetic and real-world signals, we validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Efficient Learning of Balanced Signed Graphs via Iterative Linear Programming

Signed graphs are equipped with both positive and negative edge weights, encoding pairwise correlations as well as anti-correlations in data. A balanced signed graph has no cycles of odd number of negative edges. Laplacian of a balanced signed graph has eigenvectors that map simply to ones in a similarity-transformed positive graph Laplacian, thus enabling reuse of well-studied spectral filters designed for positive graphs. We propose a fast method to learn a balanced signed graph Laplacian directly from data. Specifically, for each node $i$, to determine its polarity $\beta_i \in \{-1,1\}$ and edge weights $\{w_{i,j}\}_{j=1}^N$, we extend a sparse inverse covariance formulation based on linear programming (LP) called CLIME, by adding linear constraints to enforce ``consistent" signs of edge weights $\{w_{i,j}\}_{j=1}^N$ with the polarities of connected nodes -- i.e., positive/negative edges connect nodes of same/opposing polarities. For each LP, we adapt projections on convex set (POCS) to determine a suitable CLIME parameter $\rho > 0$ that guarantees LP feasibility. We solve the resulting LP via an off-the-shelf LP solver in $\mathcal{O}(N^{2.055})$. Experiments on synthetic and real-world datasets show that our balanced graph learning method outperforms competing methods and enables the use of spectral filters and graph convolutional networks (GCNs) designed for positive graphs on signed graphs.

Constructing an Interpretable Deep Denoiser by Unrolling Graph Laplacian Regularizer

An image denoiser can be used for a wide range of restoration problems via the Plug-and-Play (PnP) architecture. In this paper, we propose a general framework to build an interpretable graph-based deep denoiser (GDD) by unrolling a solution to a maximum a posteriori (MAP) problem equipped with a graph Laplacian regularizer (GLR) as signal prior. Leveraging a recent theorem showing that any (pseudo-)linear denoiser $\boldsymbol \Psi$, under mild conditions, can be mapped to a solution of a MAP denoising problem regularized using GLR, we first initialize a graph Laplacian matrix $\mathbf L$ via truncated Taylor Series Expansion (TSE) of $\boldsymbol \Psi^{-1}$. Then, we compute the MAP linear system solution by unrolling iterations of the conjugate gradient (CG) algorithm into a sequence of neural layers as a feed-forward network -- one that is amenable to parameter tuning. The resulting GDD network is "graph-interpretable", low in parameter count, and easy to initialize thanks to $\mathbf L$ derived from a known well-performing denoiser $\boldsymbol \Psi$. Experimental results show that GDD achieves competitive image denoising performance compared to competitors, but employing far fewer parameters, and is more robust to covariate shift.

Edge Sampling of Graphs: Graph Signal Processing Approach With Edge Smoothness

Finding important edges in a graph is a crucial problem for various research fields, such as network epidemics, signal processing, machine learning, and sensor networks. In this paper, we tackle the problem based on sampling theory on graphs. We convert the original graph to a line graph where its nodes and edges, respectively, represent the original edges and the connections between the edges. We then perform node sampling of the line graph based on the edge smoothness assumption: This process selects the most critical edges in the original graph. We present a general framework of edge sampling based on graph sampling theory and reveal a theoretical relationship between the degree of the original graph and the line graph. We also propose an acceleration method for edge sampling in the proposed framework by using the relationship between two types of Laplacian of the node and edge domains. Experimental results in synthetic and real-world graphs validate the effectiveness of our approach against some alternative edge selection methods.

Physics-Inspired Synthesized Underwater Image Dataset

This paper introduces the physics-inspired synthesized underwater image dataset (PHISWID), a dataset tailored for enhancing underwater image processing through physics-inspired image synthesis. Deep learning approaches to underwater image enhancement typically demand extensive datasets, yet acquiring paired clean and degraded underwater ones poses significant challenges. While several underwater image datasets have been proposed using physics-based synthesis, a publicly accessible collection has been lacking. Additionally, most underwater image synthesis approaches do not intend to reproduce atmospheric scenes, resulting in incomplete enhancement. PHISWID addresses this gap by offering a set of paired ground-truth (atmospheric) and synthetically degraded underwater images, showcasing not only color degradation but also the often-neglected effects of marine snow, a composite of organic matter and sand particles that considerably impairs underwater image clarity. The dataset applies these degradations to atmospheric RGB-D images, enhancing the dataset's realism and applicability. PHISWID is particularly valuable for training deep neural networks in a supervised learning setting and for objectively assessing image quality in benchmark analyses. Our results reveal that even a basic U-Net architecture, when trained with PHISWID, substantially outperforms existing methods in underwater image enhancement. We intend to release PHISWID publicly, contributing a significant resource to the advancement of underwater imaging technology.

Lossy Compression of Adjacency Matrices by Graph Filter Banks

This paper proposes a compression framework for adjacency matrices of weighted graphs based on graph filter banks. Adjacency matrices are widely used mathematical representations of graphs and are used in various applications in signal processing, machine learning, and data mining. In many problems of interest, these adjacency matrices can be large, so efficient compression methods are crucial. In this paper, we propose a lossy compression of weighted adjacency matrices, where the binary adjacency information is encoded losslessly (so the topological information of the graph is preserved) while the edge weights are compressed lossily. For the edge weight compression, the target graph is converted into a line graph, whose nodes correspond to the edges of the original graph, and where the original edge weights are regarded as a graph signal on the line graph. We then transform the edge weights on the line graph with a graph filter bank for sparse representation. Experiments on synthetic data validate the effectiveness of the proposed method by comparing it with existing lossy matrix compression methods.

Optimizing $k$ in $k$NN Graphs with Graph Learning Perspective

In this paper, we propose a method, based on graph signal processing, to optimize the choice of $k$ in $k$-nearest neighbor graphs ($k$NNGs). $k$NN is one of the most popular approaches and is widely used in machine learning and signal processing. The parameter $k$ represents the number of neighbors that are connected to the target node; however, its appropriate selection is still a challenging problem. Therefore, most $k$NNGs use ad hoc selection methods for $k$. In the proposed method, we assume that a different $k$ can be chosen for each node. We formulate a discrete optimization problem to seek the best $k$ with a constraint on the sum of distances of the connected nodes. The optimal $k$ values are efficiently obtained without solving a complex optimization. Furthermore, we reveal that the proposed method is closely related to existing graph learning methods. In experiments on real datasets, we demonstrate that the $k$NNGs obtained with our method are sparse and can determine an appropriate variable number of edges per node. We validate the effectiveness of the proposed method for point cloud denoising, comparing our denoising performance with achievable graph construction methods that can be scaled to typical point cloud sizes (e.g., thousands of nodes).

Clustering of Time-Varying Graphs Based on Temporal Label Smoothness

We propose a node clustering method for time-varying graphs based on the assumption that the cluster labels are changed smoothly over time. Clustering is one of the fundamental tasks in many science and engineering fields including signal processing, machine learning, and data mining. Although most existing studies focus on the clustering of nodes in static graphs, we often encounter time-varying graphs for time-series data, e.g., social networks, brain functional connectivity, and point clouds. In this paper, we formulate a node clustering of time-varying graphs as an optimization problem based on spectral clustering, with a smoothness constraint of the node labels. We solve the problem with a primal-dual splitting algorithm. Experiments on synthetic and real-world time-varying graphs are performed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Attention-based Graph Convolution Fusing Latent Structures and Multiple Features for Graph Neural Networks

We present an attention-based spatial graph convolution (AGC) for graph neural networks (GNNs). Existing AGCs focus on only using node-wise features and utilizing one type of attention function when calculating attention weights. Instead, we propose two methods to improve the representational power of AGCs by utilizing 1) structural information in a high-dimensional space and 2) multiple attention functions when calculating their weights. The first method computes a local structure representation of a graph in a high-dimensional space. The second method utilizes multiple attention functions simultaneously in one AGC. Both approaches can be combined. We also propose a GNN for the classification of point clouds and that for the prediction of point labels in a point cloud based on the proposed AGC. According to experiments, the proposed GNNs perform better than existing methods. Our codes open at https://github.com/liyang-tuat/SFAGC.

Dynamic Sensor Placement Based on Graph Sampling Theory

In this paper, we consider a dynamic sensor placement problem where sensors can move within a network over time. Sensor placement problem aims to select M sensor positions from N candidates where M < N. Most existing methods assume that sensors are static, i.e., they do not move, however, many mobile sensors like drones, robots, and vehicles can change their positions over time. Moreover, underlying measurement conditions could also be changed that are difficult to cover the statically placed sensors. We tackle the problem by allowing the sensors to change their positions in their neighbors on the network. Based on a perspective of dictionary learning, we sequentially learn the dictionary from a pool of observed signals on the network based on graph sampling theory. Using the learned dictionary, we dynamically determine the sensor positions such that the non-observed signals on the network can be best recovered from the observations. Furthermore, sensor positions in each time slot can be optimized in a decentralized manner to reduce the calculation cost. In experiments, we validate the effectiveness of the proposed method via the mean squared error (MSE) of the reconstructed signals. The proposed dynamic sensor placement outperforms the existing static ones both in synthetic and real data.