Self-training Language Models for Arithmetic Reasoning

Language models achieve impressive results in tasks involving complex multistep reasoning, but scaling these capabilities further traditionally requires expensive collection of more annotated data. In this work, we explore the potential of improving the capabilities of language models without new data, merely using automated feedback to the validity of their predictions in arithmetic reasoning (self-training). We find that models can substantially improve in both single-round (offline) and online self-training. In the offline setting, supervised methods are able to deliver gains comparable to preference optimization, but in online self-training, preference optimization shows to largely outperform supervised training thanks to superior stability and robustness on unseen types of problems.

Concept-aware Data Construction Improves In-context Learning of Language Models

Many recent language models (LMs) are capable of in-context learning (ICL), manifested in the LMs' ability to perform a new task solely from natural-language instruction. Previous work curating in-context learners assumes that ICL emerges from a vast over-parametrization or the scale of multi-task training. However, recent theoretical work attributes the ICL ability to concept-dependent training data and creates functional in-context learners even in small-scale, synthetic settings. In this work, we practically explore this newly identified axis of ICL quality. We propose Concept-aware Training (CoAT), a framework for constructing training scenarios that make it beneficial for the LM to learn to utilize the analogical reasoning concepts from demonstrations. We find that by using CoAT, pre-trained transformers can learn to better utilise new latent concepts from demonstrations and that such ability makes ICL more robust to the functional deficiencies of the previous models. Finally, we show that concept-aware in-context learning is more effective for a majority of new tasks when compared to traditional instruction tuning, resulting in a performance comparable to the previous in-context learners using magnitudes of more training data.

People and Places of Historical Europe: Bootstrapping Annotation Pipeline and a New Corpus of Named Entities in Late Medieval Texts

Although pre-trained named entity recognition (NER) models are highly accurate on modern corpora, they underperform on historical texts due to differences in language OCR errors. In this work, we develop a new NER corpus of 3.6M sentences from late medieval charters written mainly in Czech, Latin, and German. We show that we can start with a list of known historical figures and locations and an unannotated corpus of historical texts, and use information retrieval techniques to automatically bootstrap a NER-annotated corpus. Using our corpus, we train a NER model that achieves entity-level Precision of 72.81-93.98% with 58.14-81.77% Recall on a manually-annotated test dataset. Furthermore, we show that using a weighted loss function helps to combat class imbalance in token classification tasks. To make it easy for others to reproduce and build upon our work, we publicly release our corpus, models, and experimental code.

Calc-X: Enriching Arithmetical Chain-of-Thoughts Datasets by Interaction with Symbolic Systems

This report overviews our ongoing work in enriching chain-of-thoughts datasets requiring arithmetical reasoning with the integration of non-parametric components, such as a calculator. We conduct an analysis of prominent relevant datasets such as GSM8K, Ape210K, AQuA-RAT, and MathQA and propose a machine-processable HTML-like format specifically tailored for working with semi-structured chains. By converting the datasets into this unified format, we enable the effective integration of large language models and symbolic systems, empowering them to tackle arithmetical reasoning tasks more efficiently.

Concept-aware Training Improves In-context Learning Ability of Language Models

Many recent language models (LMs) of Transformers family exhibit so-called in-context learning (ICL) ability, manifested in the LMs' ability to modulate their function by a task described in a natural language input. Previous work curating these models assumes that ICL emerges from vast over-parametrization or the scale of multi-task training. However, a complementary branch of recent theoretical work attributes ICL emergence to specific properties of training data and creates functional in-context learners in small-scale, synthetic settings. Inspired by recent findings on data properties driving the emergence of ICL, we propose a method to create LMs able to better utilize the in-context information, by constructing training scenarios where it is beneficial for the LM to capture the analogical reasoning concepts. We measure that data sampling of Concept-aware Training (CoAT) consistently improves models' reasoning ability. As a result, the in-context learners trained with CoAT on only two datasets of a single (QA) task perform comparably to larger models trained on 1600+ tasks.

Think Twice: Measuring the Efficiency of Eliminating Prediction Shortcuts of Question Answering Models

While the Large Language Models (LLMs) dominate a majority of language understanding tasks, previous work shows that some of these results are supported by modelling spurious correlations of training datasets. Authors commonly assess model robustness by evaluating their models on out-of-distribution (OOD) datasets of the same task, but these datasets might share the bias of the training dataset. We propose a simple method for measuring a scale of models' reliance on any identified spurious feature and assess the robustness towards a large set of known and newly found prediction biases for various pre-trained models and debiasing methods in Question Answering (QA). We find that the reported OOD gains of debiasing methods can not be explained by mitigated reliance on biased features, suggesting that biases are shared among QA datasets. We further evidence this by measuring that performance of OOD models depends on bias features comparably to the ID model, motivating future work to refine the reports of LLMs' robustness to a level of known spurious features.

Resources and Few-shot Learners for In-context Learning in Slavic Languages

Despite the rapid recent progress in creating accurate and compact in-context learners, most recent work focuses on in-context learning (ICL) for tasks in English. However, the ability to interact with users of languages outside English presents a great potential for broadening the applicability of language technologies to non-English speakers. In this work, we collect the infrastructure necessary for training and evaluation of ICL in a selection of Slavic languages: Czech, Polish, and Russian. We link a diverse set of datasets and cast these into a unified instructional format through a set of transformations and newly-crafted templates written purely in target languages. Using the newly-curated dataset, we evaluate a set of the most recent in-context learners and compare their results to the supervised baselines. Finally, we train, evaluate and publish a set of in-context learning models that we train on the collected resources and compare their performance to previous work. We find that ICL models tuned in English are also able to learn some tasks from non-English contexts, but multilingual instruction fine-tuning consistently improves the ICL ability. We also find that the massive multitask training can be outperformed by single-task training in the target language, uncovering the potential for specializing in-context learners to the language(s) of their application.

What is Not in the Context? Evaluation of Few-shot Learners with Informative Demonstrations

Large language models demonstrate an emergent ability to learn a new task from a small number of input-output demonstrations, referred to as in-context few-shot learning. However, recent work shows that in such settings, models mainly learn to mimic the new task distribution, instead of the mechanics of the new task. We argue that the commonly-used evaluation settings of few-shot models utilizing a random selection of in-context demonstrations is not able to disentangle models' ability to learn new skills from demonstrations, as most of the such-selected demonstrations are not informative for prediction beyond exposing the new task's input and output distribution. Therefore, we introduce an evaluation technique that disentangles few-shot learners' gain from in-context learning by picking the demonstrations sharing a specific, informative concept with the predicted sample, in addition to the performance reached by mainly non-informative samples. We find that regardless of the model size, existing few-shot learners are not able to benefit from observing such informative concepts in demonstrations. We also find that such ability may not be obtained trivially by exposing the informative demonstrations in the training process, leaving the challenge of training true in-context learners open.

Soft Alignment Objectives for Robust Adaptation in Machine Translation

Domain adaptation allows generative language models to address specific flaws caused by the domain shift of their application. However, the traditional adaptation by further training on in-domain data rapidly weakens the model's ability to generalize to other domains, making the open-ended deployments of the adapted models prone to errors. This work introduces novel training objectives built upon a semantic similarity of the predicted tokens to the reference. Our results show that (1) avoiding the common assumption of a single correct prediction by constructing the training target from tokens' semantic similarity can mitigate catastrophic forgetting during domain adaptation, while (2) preserving the quality of the adaptation, (3) with negligible additions to compute costs. In the broader perspective, the objectives grounded in a soft token alignment pioneer the exploration of the middle ground between the efficient but naive exact-match token-level objectives and expressive but computationally- and resource-intensive sequential objectives.

Methods for Estimating and Improving Robustness of Language Models

Despite their outstanding performance, large language models (LLMs) suffer notorious flaws related to their preference for simple, surface-level textual relations over full semantic complexity of the problem. This proposal investigates a common denominator of this problem in their weak ability to generalise outside of the training domain. We survey diverse research directions providing estimations of model generalisation ability and find that incorporating some of these measures in the training objectives leads to enhanced distributional robustness of neural models. Based on these findings, we present future research directions towards enhancing the robustness of LLMs.