On the Use of Singular Value Decomposition as a Clutter Filter for Ultrasound Flow Imaging

Filtering based on Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) provides substantial separation of clutter, flow and noise in high frame rate ultrasound flow imaging. The use of SVD as a clutter filter has greatly improved techniques such as vector flow imaging, functional ultrasound and super-resolution ultrasound localization microscopy. The removal of clutter and noise relies on the assumption that tissue, flow and noise are each represented by different subsets of singular values, so that their signals are uncorrelated and lay on orthogonal sub-spaces. This assumption fails in the presence of tissue motion, for near-wall or microvascular flow, and can be influenced by an incorrect choice of singular value thresholds. Consequently, separation of flow, clutter and noise is imperfect, which can lead to image artefacts not present in the original data. Temporal and spatial fluctuation in intensity are the commonest artefacts, which vary in appearance and strengths. Ghosting and splitting artefacts are observed in the microvasculature where the flow signal is sparsely distributed. Singular value threshold selection, tissue motion, frame rate, flow signal amplitude and acquisition length affect the prevalence of these artefacts. Understanding what causes artefacts due to SVD clutter and noise removal is necessary for their interpretation.

BUbble Flow Field: a Simulation Framework for Evaluating Ultrasound Localization Microscopy Algorithms

Ultrasound contrast enhanced imaging has seen widespread uptake in research and clinical diagnostic imaging. This includes applications such as vector flow imaging, functional ultrasound and super-resolution Ultrasound Localization Microscopy (ULM). All of these require testing and validation during development of new algorithms with ground truth data. In this work we present a comprehensive simulation platform BUbble Flow Field (BUFF) that generates contrast enhanced ultrasound images in vascular tree geometries with realistic flow characteristics and validation algorithms for ULM. BUFF allows complex micro-vascular network generation of random and user-defined vascular networks. Blood flow is simulated with a fast Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solver and allows arbitrary input and output positions and custom pressures. The acoustic field simulation is combined with non-linear Microbubble (MB) dynamics and simulates a range of point spread functions based on user-defined MB characteristics. The validation combines both binary and quantitative metrics. BFF's capacity to generate and validate user-defined networks is demonstrated through its implementation in the Ultrasound Localisation and TRacking Algorithms for Super Resolution (ULTRA-SR) Challenge at the International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS) 2022 of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). The ability to produce ULM images, and the availability of a ground truth in localisation and tracking enables objective and quantitative evaluation of the large number of localisation and tracking algorithms developed in the field. BUFF can also benefit deep learning based methods by automatically generating datasets for training. BUFF is a fully comprehensive simulation platform for testing and validation of novel ULM techniques and is open source.

Fast and selective super-resolution ultrasound in vivo with sono-switchable nanodroplets

Perfusion by the microcirculation is key to the development, maintenance and pathology of tissue. Its measurement with high spatiotemporal resolution is consequently valuable but remains a challenge in deep tissue. Ultrasound Localization Microscopy (ULM) provides very high spatiotemporal resolution but the use of microbubbles requires low contrast agent concentrations, a long acquisition time, and gives little control over the spatial and temporal distribution of the bubbles. The present study is the first to demonstrate Acoustic Wave Sparsely-Activated Localization Microscopy (AWSALM) and fast-AWSALM for in vivo super-resolution ultrasound imaging, offering contrast on demand and vascular selectivity. Three different formulations of sono-switchable contrast agents were tested. We demonstrate their use with ultrasound mechanical indices well within recommended safety limits to enable fast on-demand sparse switching at very high agent concentrations. We produce super-localization maps of the rabbit renal vasculature with acquisition times between 5.5 s and 0.25 s, and an 4-fold improvement in spatial resolution. We present the unique selectivity of AWSALM in visualizing specific vascular branches and downstream microvasculature, and we show super-localized kidney structures in systole and diastole with fast-AWSALM. In conclusion we demonstrate the feasibility of fast and selective measurement of microvascular dynamics in vivo with subwavelength resolution using ultrasound and sono-switchable nanodroplets.