EWMoE: An effective model for global weather forecasting with mixture-of-experts

Weather forecasting is a crucial task for meteorologic research, with direct social and economic impacts. Recently, data-driven weather forecasting models based on deep learning have shown great potential, achieving superior performance compared with traditional numerical weather prediction methods. However, these models often require massive training data and computational resources. In this paper, we propose EWMoE, an effective model for accurate global weather forecasting, which requires significantly less training data and computational resources. Our model incorporates three key components to enhance prediction accuracy: meteorology-specific embedding, a core Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) layer, and two specific loss functions. We conduct our evaluation on the ERA5 dataset using only two years of training data. Extensive experiments demonstrate that EWMoE outperforms current models such as FourCastNet and ClimaX at all forecast time, achieving competitive performance compared with the state-of-the-art Pangu-Weather model in evaluation metrics such as Anomaly Correlation Coefficient (ACC) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). Additionally, ablation studies indicate that applying the MoE architecture to weather forecasting offers significant advantages in improving accuracy and resource efficiency.

I$^2$KD-SLU: An Intra-Inter Knowledge Distillation Framework for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Spoken Language Understanding

Spoken language understanding (SLU) typically includes two subtasks: intent detection and slot filling. Currently, it has achieved great success in high-resource languages, but it still remains challenging in low-resource languages due to the scarcity of labeled training data. Hence, there is a growing interest in zero-shot cross-lingual SLU. Despite of the success of existing zero-shot cross-lingual SLU models, most of them neglect to achieve the mutual guidance between intent and slots. To address this issue, we propose an Intra-Inter Knowledge Distillation framework for zero-shot cross-lingual Spoken Language Understanding (I$^2$KD-SLU) to model the mutual guidance. Specifically, we not only apply intra-knowledge distillation between intent predictions or slot predictions of the same utterance in different languages, but also apply inter-knowledge distillation between intent predictions and slot predictions of the same utterance. Our experimental results demonstrate that our proposed framework significantly improves the performance compared with the strong baselines and achieves the new state-of-the-art performance on the MultiATIS++ dataset, obtaining a significant improvement over the previous best model in overall accuracy.

W-MAE: Pre-trained weather model with masked autoencoder for multi-variable weather forecasting

Weather forecasting is a long-standing computational challenge with direct societal and economic impacts. This task involves a large amount of continuous data collection and exhibits rich spatiotemporal dependencies over long periods, making it highly suitable for deep learning models. In this paper, we apply pre-training techniques to weather forecasting and propose W-MAE, a Weather model with Masked AutoEncoder pre-training for multi-variable weather forecasting. W-MAE is pre-trained in a self-supervised manner to reconstruct spatial correlations within meteorological variables. On the temporal scale, we fine-tune the pre-trained W-MAE to predict the future states of meteorological variables, thereby modeling the temporal dependencies present in weather data. We pre-train W-MAE using the fifth-generation ECMWF Reanalysis (ERA5) data, with samples selected every six hours and using only two years of data. Under the same training data conditions, we compare W-MAE with FourCastNet, and W-MAE outperforms FourCastNet in precipitation forecasting. In the setting where the training data is far less than that of FourCastNet, our model still performs much better in precipitation prediction (0.80 vs. 0.98). Additionally, experiments show that our model has a stable and significant advantage in short-to-medium-range forecasting (i.e., forecasting time ranges from 6 hours to one week), and the longer the prediction time, the more evident the performance advantage of W-MAE, further proving its robustness.