Enhancing NLoS RIS-Aided Localization with Optimization and Machine Learning

This paper introduces two machine learning optimization algorithms to significantly enhance position estimation in Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) aided localization for mobile user equipment in Non-Line-of-Sight conditions. Leveraging the strengths of these algorithms, we present two methods capable of achieving extremely high accuracy, reaching sub-centimeter or even sub-millimeter levels at 3.5 GHz. The simulation results highlight the potential of these approaches, showing significant improvements in indoor mobile localization. The demonstrated precision and reliability of the proposed methods offer new opportunities for practical applications in real-world scenarios, particularly in Non-Line-of-Sight indoor localization. By evaluating four optimization techniques, we determine that a combination of a Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) results in localization errors under 30 cm in 90 % of the cases, and under 5 mm for close to 85 % of cases when considering a simulated room of 10 m by 10 m where two of the walls are equipped with RIS tiles.

A Deep Learning Approach in RIS-based Indoor Localization

In the domain of RIS-based indoor localization, our work introduces two distinct approaches to address real-world challenges. The first method is based on deep learning, employing a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network. The second, a novel LSTM-PSO hybrid, strategically takes advantage of deep learning and optimization techniques. Our simulations encompass practical scenarios, including variations in RIS placement and the intricate dynamics of multipath effects, all in Non-Line-of-Sight conditions. Our methods can achieve very high reliability, obtaining centimeter-level accuracy for the 98th percentile (worst case) in a different set of conditions, including the presence of the multipath effect. Furthermore, our hybrid approach showcases remarkable resolution, achieving sub-millimeter-level accuracy in numerous scenarios.

Design and Experimental Evaluation of a Bluetooth 5.1 Antenna Array for Angle-of-Arrival Estimation

On the of the applications in the realm of the Internet-of-Things (IoT) is real-time localization of assets in specific application environments where satellite based global positioning is unviable. Numerous approaches for localization relying on wireless sensor mesh systems have been evaluated, but the recent Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) 5.1 direction finding features based on Angle-of-Arrival (AoA) promise a low-cost solution for this application. In this paper, we present an implementation of a BLE 5.1 based circular antenna array, and perform two experimental evaluations over the quality of the retrieved data sampled from the array: in an anechoic chamber, and in a real-world environment using a setup composed of four BLE beacons.