DSTCS: Dual-Student Teacher Framework with Segment Anything Model for Semi-Supervised Pubic Symphysis Fetal Head Segmentation

Segmentation of the pubic symphysis and fetal head (PSFH) is a critical procedure in intrapartum monitoring and is essential for evaluating labor progression and identifying potential delivery complications. However, achieving accurate segmentation remains a significant challenge due to class imbalance, ambiguous boundaries, and noise interference in ultrasound images, compounded by the scarcity of high-quality annotated data. Current research on PSFH segmentation predominantly relies on CNN and Transformer architectures, leaving the potential of more powerful models underexplored. In this work, we propose a Dual-Student and Teacher framework combining CNN and SAM (DSTCS), which integrates the Segment Anything Model (SAM) into a dual student-teacher architecture. A cooperative learning mechanism between the CNN and SAM branches significantly improves segmentation accuracy. The proposed scheme also incorporates a specialized data augmentation strategy optimized for boundary processing and a novel loss function. Extensive experiments on the MICCAI 2023 and 2024 PSFH segmentation benchmarks demonstrate that our method exhibits superior robustness and significantly outperforms existing techniques, providing a reliable segmentation tool for clinical practice.

Intrapartum Ultrasound Image Segmentation of Pubic Symphysis and Fetal Head Using Dual Student-Teacher Framework with CNN-ViT Collaborative Learning

The segmentation of the pubic symphysis and fetal head (PSFH) constitutes a pivotal step in monitoring labor progression and identifying potential delivery complications. Despite the advances in deep learning, the lack of annotated medical images hinders the training of segmentation. Traditional semi-supervised learning approaches primarily utilize a unified network model based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and apply consistency regularization to mitigate the reliance on extensive annotated data. However, these methods often fall short in capturing the discriminative features of unlabeled data and in delineating the long-range dependencies inherent in the ambiguous boundaries of PSFH within ultrasound images. To address these limitations, we introduce a novel framework, the Dual-Student and Teacher Combining CNN and Transformer (DSTCT), which synergistically integrates the capabilities of CNNs and Transformers. Our framework comprises a Vision Transformer (ViT) as the teacher and two student mod ls one ViT and one CNN. This dual-student setup enables mutual supervision through the generation of both hard and soft pseudo-labels, with the consistency in their predictions being refined by minimizing the classifier determinacy discrepancy. The teacher model further reinforces learning within this architecture through the imposition of consistency regularization constraints. To augment the generalization abilities of our approach, we employ a blend of data and model perturbation techniques. Comprehensive evaluations on the benchmark dataset of the PSFH Segmentation Grand Challenge at MICCAI 2023 demonstrate our DSTCT framework outperformed ten contemporary semi-supervised segmentation methods. Code available at https://github.com/jjm1589/DSTCT.