Mechanistic Permutability: Match Features Across Layers

Understanding how features evolve across layers in deep neural networks is a fundamental challenge in mechanistic interpretability, particularly due to polysemanticity and feature superposition. While Sparse Autoencoders (SAEs) have been used to extract interpretable features from individual layers, aligning these features across layers has remained an open problem. In this paper, we introduce SAE Match, a novel, data-free method for aligning SAE features across different layers of a neural network. Our approach involves matching features by minimizing the mean squared error between the folded parameters of SAEs, a technique that incorporates activation thresholds into the encoder and decoder weights to account for differences in feature scales. Through extensive experiments on the Gemma 2 language model, we demonstrate that our method effectively captures feature evolution across layers, improving feature matching quality. We also show that features persist over several layers and that our approach can approximate hidden states across layers. Our work advances the understanding of feature dynamics in neural networks and provides a new tool for mechanistic interpretability studies.

Learn Your Reference Model for Real Good Alignment

The complexity of the alignment problem stems from the fact that existing methods are unstable. Researchers continuously invent various tricks to address this shortcoming. For instance, in the fundamental Reinforcement Learning From Human Feedback (RLHF) technique of Language Model alignment, in addition to reward maximization, the Kullback-Leibler divergence between the trainable policy and the SFT policy is minimized. This addition prevents the model from being overfitted to the Reward Model (RM) and generating texts that are out-of-domain for the RM. The Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) method reformulates the optimization task of RLHF and eliminates the Reward Model while tacitly maintaining the requirement for the policy to be close to the SFT policy. In our paper, we argue that this implicit limitation in the DPO method leads to sub-optimal results. We propose a new method called Trust Region DPO (TR-DPO), which updates the reference policy during training. With such a straightforward update, we demonstrate the effectiveness of TR-DPO against DPO on the Anthropic HH and TLDR datasets. We show that TR-DPO outperforms DPO by up to 19%, measured by automatic evaluation with GPT-4. The new alignment approach that we propose allows us to improve the quality of models across several parameters at once, such as coherence, correctness, level of detail, helpfulness, and harmlessness.

Linear Transformers with Learnable Kernel Functions are Better In-Context Models

Advancing the frontier of subquadratic architectures for Language Models (LMs) is crucial in the rapidly evolving field of natural language processing. Current innovations, including State Space Models, were initially celebrated for surpassing Transformer performance on language modeling tasks. However, these models have revealed deficiencies in essential In-Context Learning capabilities - a domain where the Transformer traditionally shines. The Based model emerged as a hybrid solution, blending a Linear Transformer with a kernel inspired by the Taylor expansion of exponential functions, augmented by convolutional networks. Mirroring the Transformer's in-context adeptness, it became a strong contender in the field. In our work, we present a singular, elegant alteration to the Based kernel that amplifies its In-Context Learning abilities evaluated with the Multi-Query Associative Recall task and overall language modeling process, as demonstrated on the Pile dataset.

Democratized Diffusion Language Model

Despite the potential benefits of Diffusion Models for NLP applications, publicly available implementations, trained models, or reproducible training procedures currently need to be publicly available. We present the Democratized Diffusion Language Model (DDLM), based on the Continuous Diffusion for Categorical Data (CDCD) framework, to address these challenges. We propose a simplified training procedure for DDLM using the C4 dataset and perform an in-depth analysis of the trained model's behavior. Furthermore, we introduce a novel early-exiting strategy for faster sampling with models trained with score interpolation. Since no previous works aimed at solving downstream tasks with pre-trained Diffusion LM (e.g., classification tasks), we experimented with GLUE Benchmark to study the ability of DDLM to transfer knowledge. With this paper, we propose available training and evaluation pipelines to other researchers and pre-trained DDLM models, which could be used in future research with Diffusion LMs.

Ahead-of-Time P-Tuning

In this paper, we propose Ahead-of-Time (AoT) P-Tuning, a novel parameter-efficient fine-tuning method for pre-trained Language Models (LMs) that adds input-dependent bias before each Transformer layer. We evaluate AoT P-Tuning on GLUE and SuperGLUE benchmarking datasets using RoBERTa and DeBERTa models, showing that it outperforms BitFit and is comparable or better than other baseline methods for efficient fine-tuning. Additionally, we assess the inference overhead of AoT P-Tuning and demonstrate that it introduces negligible overhead compared to established baseline methods. Our method enables multi-task inference with a single backbone LM, making it a practical solution for real-world applications.

Linear Interpolation In Parameter Space is Good Enough for Fine-Tuned Language Models

The simplest way to obtain continuous interpolation between two points in high dimensional space is to draw a line between them. While previous works focused on the general connectivity between model parameters, we explored linear interpolation for parameters of pre-trained models after fine-tuning. Surprisingly, we could perform linear interpolation without a performance drop in intermediate points for fine-tuned models. For controllable text generation, such interpolation could be seen as moving a model towards or against the desired text attribute (e.g., positive sentiment), which could be used as grounds for further methods for controllable text generation without inference speed overhead.

Classifiers are Better Experts for Controllable Text Generation

This paper proposes a simple method for controllable text generation based on weighting logits produced, namely CAIF sampling. Using an arbitrary third-party text classifier, we adjust a small part of a language model's logits and guide text generation towards or away from classifier prediction. We show that the proposed method significantly outperforms recent PPLM, GeDi, and DExperts on PPL and sentiment accuracy based on the external classifier of generated texts. A the same time, it is also easier to implement and tune, and has significantly fewer restrictions and requirements.

PALBERT: Teaching ALBERT to Ponder

Currently, pre-trained models can be considered the default choice for a wide range of NLP tasks. Despite their SoTA results, there is practical evidence that these models may require a different number of computing layers for different input sequences, since evaluating all layers leads to overconfidence on wrong predictions (namely overthinking). This problem can potentially be solved by implementing adaptive computation time approaches, which were first designed to improve inference speed. Recently proposed PonderNet may be a promising solution for performing an early exit by treating the exit layers index as a latent variable. However, the originally proposed exit criterion, relying on sampling from trained posterior distribution on the probability of exiting from i-th layer, introduces major variance in model outputs, significantly reducing the resulting models performance. In this paper, we propose Ponder ALBERT (PALBERT): an improvement to PonderNet with a novel deterministic Q-exit criterion and a revisited model architecture. We compared PALBERT with recent methods for performing an early exit. We observed that the proposed changes can be considered significant improvements on the original PonderNet architecture and outperform PABEE on a wide range of GLUE tasks. In addition, we also performed an in-depth ablation study of the proposed architecture to further understand Lambda layers and their performance.

FastRPB: a Scalable Relative Positional Encoding for Long Sequence Tasks

Transformers achieve remarkable performance in various domains, including NLP, CV, audio processing, and graph analysis. However, they do not scale well on long sequence tasks due to their quadratic complexity w.r.t. the inputs length. Linear Transformers were proposed to address this limitation. However, these models have shown weaker performance on the long sequence tasks comparing to the original one. In this paper, we explore Linear Transformer models, rethinking their two core components. Firstly, we improved Linear Transformer with Shift-Invariant Kernel Function SIKF, which achieve higher accuracy without loss in speed. Secondly, we introduce FastRPB which stands for Fast Relative Positional Bias, which efficiently adds positional information to self-attention using Fast Fourier Transformation. FastRPB is independent of the self-attention mechanism and can be combined with an original self-attention and all its efficient variants. FastRPB has O(N log(N)) computational complexity, requiring O(N) memory w.r.t. input sequence length N.

Implicit Unlikelihood Training: Improving Neural Text Generation with Reinforcement Learning

Likelihood training and maximization-based decoding result in dull and repetitive generated texts even when using powerful language models (Holtzman et al., 2019). Adding a loss function for regularization was shown to improve text generation output by helping avoid unwanted properties, such as contradiction or repetition (Li at al., 2020). In this work, we propose fine-tuning a language model by using policy gradient reinforcement learning, directly optimizing for better generation. We apply this approach to minimizing repetition in generated text, and show that, when combined with unlikelihood training (Welleck et al., 2020), our method further reduces repetition without impacting the language model quality. We also evaluate other methods for improving generation at training and decoding time, and compare them using various metrics aimed at control for better text generation output.