Energy Efficient Service Placement for IoT Networks

In recent years, there has been a significant expansion in the Internet of Things (IoT), with a growing number of devices being connected to the internet. This has led to an increase in data collection and analysis as well as the development of new technologies and applications. The rise of IoT has also brought about new challenges, such as security concerns and energy efficiency. This study investigates a layered IoT architecture that combines fog and cloud computing, aiming to assess the impact of service placement on energy efficiency. Through simulations, we analyse energy use across Access Fog, Metro Fog, and Cloud Data Centre layers for different IoT request volumes. Findings indicate that Access Fog is optimal for single requests, while Metro Fog efficiently manages higher demands from multiple devices. The study emphasizes the need for adaptive service deployment, responsive to network load variations, to improve energy efficiency. Hence, we propose the implementation of dynamic service placement strategies within Internet of Things (IoT) environments.

Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces assisted Laser-based Optical Wireless Communication Networks

The increasing demand for wireless networks of higher capacity requires key-enabling technologies. Optical wireless communication (OWC) arises as a complementary technology to radio frequency (RF) systems that can support high aggregate data rates. However, OWC systems face some challenges including beam-blockage. Intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs) can offer alternative pathways for the optical signal, ensuring continuous connectivity. In this work, we investigate the potential of using IRS in an indoor OWC network. In particular, we define a system model of indoor OWC that employs IRS in conjunction with angle diversity transmitters (ADT) using vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays. The VCSEL beam is narrow, directed, and easy to block, however, it can deliver high data rates under eye safety regulations. Simulation results show that the deployment of IRS can significantly improve the achievable data rates of Laser-based OWC systems.

Deep Learning-based Power Allocation in Rate Splitting Optical Wireless Networks

Optical wireless communication (OWC) provides high aggregate data rates in the range of Terabits per second (Tb/s). Specifically, OWC using infrared lasers as transmitters has been considered as a strong candidate in the next generation of wireless communication. Rate splitting (RS) is a transmission scheme derived to improve spectral efficiency in dense wireless networks. In RS, the transmitted power is allocated to different messages, common and private messages, serving multiple users simultaneously, where each user can decode the desired message following a certain procedure. Moreover, two-tier precoding RS scheme has been proposed to overcome the limitations of traditional RS in multi-group scenarios. In this context, power allocation (PA) is a crucial issue, which can affect the performance of RS. Therefore, we formulate a PA optimization problem to enhance the data rates of RS-based OWC networks. However, such optimization problems are complex due to the use of different messages intended to the users. In this paper, we design and train a deep neural network (DNN) model to determine the power allocated to the messages of RS, while fulfilling the demands of users. The results show the accuracy of our trained DNN model when used in an online phase.

AI-Driven Resource Allocation in Optical Wireless Communication Systems

Visible light communication (VLC) is a promising solution to satisfy the extreme demands of emerging applications. VLC offers bandwidth that is orders of magnitude higher than what is offered by the radio spectrum, hence making best use of the resources is not a trivial matter. There is a growing interest to make next generation communication networks intelligent using AI based tools to automate the resource management and adapt to variations in the network automatically as opposed to conventional handcrafted schemes based on mathematical models assuming prior knowledge of the network. In this article, a reinforcement learning (RL) scheme is developed to intelligently allocate resources of an optical wireless communication (OWC) system in a HetNet environment. The main goal is to maximise the total reward of the system which is the sum rate of all users. The results of the RL scheme are compared with that of an optimization scheme that is based on Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model.

Energy Efficient Laser-Based Optical Wireless Communication Networks

Rising data demands are a growing concern globally. The task at hand is to evolve current communication networks to support enhanced data rates while maintaining low latency, energy consumption and costs. To meet the above challenge, Optical Wireless Communication (OWC) technology is proposed as a solution to complement traditional Radio Frequency (RF) based communication systems. Recently, Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELS) have been considered for data transmission in OWC indoor environments due to their ability to transmit power through narrow, near-circular beams to receivers. In this paper, we study the energy efficiency of a VCSEL-based OWC system in an indoor environment and compare it to that of a Light Emitting Diode (LED) based system. The main findings show that the VCSEL system performs better and has higher energy efficiency.

Rate Splitting for 6G Optical Wireless Networks

This paper evaluates the performance of rate splitting (RS), a robust interference management scheme, in an optical wireless communication (OWC) network that uses infrared lasers referred to as vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) as optical transmitters. In 6G OWC, providing high spectral and energy efficiency requires advanced multiple access schemes that can serve multiple users simultaneously in a non-orthogonal fashion. In this context, RS has the potential to manage multi-user interference at high data rates compared to orthogonal transmission schemes. Simulation results show the high performance of RS compared to baseline approaches.

Multi-User Rate Splitting in Optical Wireless Networks

Optical wireless communication (OWC) has recently received massive interest as a new technology that can support the enormous data traffic increasing on daily basis. Laser-based OWC networks can provide terabits per second (Tbps) aggregate data rates. However, the emerging OWC networks require clusters of optical transmitters to provide uniform coverage for multiple users. In this context, multi-user interference (MUI) is a crucial issue that must be managed efficiently to provide high spectral efficiency. Rate splitting (RS) is proposed as a transmission scheme to serve multiple users simultaneously by splitting the message of a given user into common and private messages, and then, each user decodes the desired message following a certain procedure. In radio frequency (RF) networks, RS provides higher spectral efficiency compared with orthogonal and non-orthogonal transmission schemes. Considering the high density of OWC networks, the performance of RS is limited by the cost of providing channel state information (CSI) at transmitters and by the noise resulting from interference cancellation. In this work, a user-grouping algorithm is proposed and used to form multiple groups, each group contains users spatially clustered. Then, an outer precoder is designed to manage inter-group interference following the methodology of blind interference alignment (BIA), which reduces the requirements of CSI at RF or optical transmitters. For intra-group interference, RS is applied within each group where the users belonging to a given group receive a unique common message on which their private messages are superimposed. Furthermore, an optimization problem is formulated to allocate the power among the private messages intended to all users such that the sum rate of the network is maximized.

On the energy efficiency of Laser-based Optical Wireless Networks

Optical wireless Communication (OWC) is a strong candidate in the next generation (6G) of cellular networks. In this paper, a laser-based optical wireless network is deployed in an indoor environment using Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELS) as transmitters serving multiple users. Specifically, a commercially available low-cost VCSEL operating at 850nm wavelength is used. Considering the confined coverage area of each VCSEL, an array of VCSELs is designed to transmit data to multiple users through narrow beams taking into account eye safety regulations. To manage multi-user interference (MUI), Zero Forcing (ZF) is implemented to maximize the multiplexing gain of the network. The energy efficiency of the network is studied under different laser beam waists to find the effective laser beam size that results in throughput enhancement. The results show that the energy efficiency increases with the laser beam waist. Moreover, using micro lenses placed in front of the VCSELs leads to significant increase in the energy efficiency.

Random Linear Network Coding in NOMA Optical Wireless Networks

Optical wireless communication (OWC) has the potential to provide high communication speeds that support the massive use of the Internet that is expected in the near future. In OWC, optical access points (APs) are deployed on the celling to serve multiple users. In this context, efficient multiple access schemes are required to share the resources among the users and align multi-user interference. Recently, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has been studied to serve multiple users simultaneously using the same resources, while a different power level is allocated to each user. Despite the acceptable performance of NOMA, users might experience a high packet loss due to high noise, which results from the use of successive interference cancelation (SIC). In this work, random linear network coding (RLNC) is proposed to enhance the performance of NOMA in an optical wireless network where users are divided into multicast groups, and each group contains users that slightly differ in their channel gains. Moreover, a fixed power allocation (FPA) strategy is considered among these groups to avoid complexity. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated in terms of total packet success probability. The results show that the proposed scheme is more suitable for the network considered compared to other benchmark schemes such as traditional NOMA and orthogonal transmission schemes. Moreover, the total packet success probability is highly affected by the level of power allocated to each group in all the scenarios.

Resource Allocation in Laser-based Optical Wireless Cellular Networks

Optical wireless communication provides data transmission at high speeds which can satisfy the increasing demands for connecting a massive number of devices to the Internet. In this paper, vertical-cavity surface-emitting(VCSEL) lasers are used as transmitters due to their high modulation speed and energy efficiency. However, a high number of VCSEL lasers is required to ensure coverage where each laser source illuminates a confined area. Therefore, multiple users are classified into different sets according to their connectivity. Given this point, a transmission scheme that uses blind interference alignment (BIA) is implemented to manage the interference in the laser-based network. In addition, an optimization problem is formulated to maximize the utility sum rate taking into consideration the classification of the users. To solve this problem, a decentralized algorithm is proposed where the main problem is divided into sub-problems, each can be solved independently avoiding complexity. The results demonstrate the optimality of the decentralized algorithm where a sub-optimal solution is provided. Finally, it is shown that BIA can provide high performance in laser-based networks compared with zero forcing (ZF) transmit precoding scheme.