Generating Geological Facies Models with Fidelity to Diversity and Statistics of Training Images using Improved Generative Adversarial Networks

This paper presents a methodology and workflow that overcome the limitations of the conventional Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) for geological facies modeling. It attempts to improve the training stability and guarantee the diversity of the generated geology through interpretable latent vectors. The resulting samples are ensured to have the equal probability (or an unbiased distribution) as from the training dataset. This is critical when applying GANs to generate unbiased and representative geological models that can be further used to facilitate objective uncertainty evaluation and optimal decision-making in oil field exploration and development. We proposed and implemented a new variant of GANs called Info-WGAN for the geological facies modeling that combines Information Maximizing Generative Adversarial Network (InfoGAN) with Wasserstein distance and Gradient Penalty (GP) for learning interpretable latent codes as well as generating stable and unbiased distribution from the training data. Different from the original GAN design, InfoGAN can use the training images with full, partial, or no labels to perform disentanglement of the complex sedimentary types exhibited in the training dataset to achieve the variety and diversity of the generated samples. This is accomplished by adding additional categorical variables that provide disentangled semantic representations besides the mere randomized latent vector used in the original GANs. By such means, a regularization term is used to maximize the mutual information between such latent categorical codes and the generated geological facies in the loss function. Furthermore, the resulting unbiased sampling by Info-WGAN makes the data conditioning much easier than the conventional GANs in geological modeling because of the variety and diversity as well as the equal probability of the unconditional sampling by the generator.

Generating Realistic Geology Conditioned on Physical Measurements with Generative Adversarial Networks

An important problem in geostatistics is to build models of the subsurface of the Earth given physical measurements at sparse spatial locations. Typically, this is done using spatial interpolation methods or by reproducing patterns from a reference image. However, these algorithms fail to produce realistic patterns and do not exhibit the wide range of uncertainty inherent in the prediction of geology. In this paper, we show how semantic inpainting with Generative Adversarial Networks can be used to generate varied realizations of geology which honor physical measurements while matching the expected geological patterns. In contrast to other algorithms, our method scales well with the number of data points and mimics a distribution of patterns as opposed to a single pattern or image. The generated conditional samples are state of the art.