InspecSafe-V1: A Multimodal Benchmark for Safety Assessment in Industrial Inspection Scenarios

With the rapid development of industrial intelligence and unmanned inspection, reliable perception and safety assessment for AI systems in complex and dynamic industrial sites has become a key bottleneck for deploying predictive maintenance and autonomous inspection. Most public datasets remain limited by simulated data sources, single-modality sensing, or the absence of fine-grained object-level annotations, which prevents robust scene understanding and multimodal safety reasoning for industrial foundation models. To address these limitations, InspecSafe-V1 is released as the first multimodal benchmark dataset for industrial inspection safety assessment that is collected from routine operations of real inspection robots in real-world environments. InspecSafe-V1 covers five representative industrial scenarios, including tunnels, power facilities, sintering equipment, oil and gas petrochemical plants, and coal conveyor trestles. The dataset is constructed from 41 wheeled and rail-mounted inspection robots operating at 2,239 valid inspection sites, yielding 5,013 inspection instances. For each instance, pixel-level segmentation annotations are provided for key objects in visible-spectrum images. In addition, a semantic scene description and a corresponding safety level label are provided according to practical inspection tasks. Seven synchronized sensing modalities are further included, including infrared video, audio, depth point clouds, radar point clouds, gas measurements, temperature, and humidity, to support multimodal anomaly recognition, cross-modal fusion, and comprehensive safety assessment in industrial environments.

VLSA: Vision-Language-Action Models with Plug-and-Play Safety Constraint Layer

Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in generalizing across diverse robotic manipulation tasks. However, deploying these models in unstructured environments remains challenging due to the critical need for simultaneous task compliance and safety assurance, particularly in preventing potential collisions during physical interactions. In this work, we introduce a Vision-Language-Safe Action (VLSA) architecture, named AEGIS, which contains a plug-and-play safety constraint (SC) layer formulated via control barrier functions. AEGIS integrates directly with existing VLA models to improve safety with theoretical guarantees, while maintaining their original instruction-following performance. To evaluate the efficacy of our architecture, we construct a comprehensive safety-critical benchmark SafeLIBERO, spanning distinct manipulation scenarios characterized by varying degrees of spatial complexity and obstacle intervention. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superiority of our method over state-of-the-art baselines. Notably, AEGIS achieves a 59.16% improvement in obstacle avoidance rate while substantially increasing the task execution success rate by 17.25%. To facilitate reproducibility and future research, we make our code, models, and the benchmark datasets publicly available at https://vlsa-aegis.github.io/.

Awesome-OL: An Extensible Toolkit for Online Learning

In recent years, online learning has attracted increasing attention due to its adaptive capability to process streaming and non-stationary data. To facilitate algorithm development and practical deployment in this area, we introduce Awesome-OL, an extensible Python toolkit tailored for online learning research. Awesome-OL integrates state-of-the-art algorithm, which provides a unified framework for reproducible comparisons, curated benchmark datasets, and multi-modal visualization. Built upon the scikit-multiflow open-source infrastructure, Awesome-OL emphasizes user-friendly interactions without compromising research flexibility or extensibility. The source code is publicly available at: https://github.com/liuzy0708/Awesome-OL.

Lite-RVFL: A Lightweight Random Vector Functional-Link Neural Network for Learning Under Concept Drift

The change in data distribution over time, also known as concept drift, poses a significant challenge to the reliability of online learning methods. Existing methods typically require model retraining or drift detection, both of which demand high computational costs and are often unsuitable for real-time applications. To address these limitations, a lightweight, fast and efficient random vector functional-link network termed Lite-RVFL is proposed, capable of adapting to concept drift without drift detection and retraining. Lite-RVFL introduces a novel objective function that assigns weights exponentially increasing to new samples, thereby emphasizing recent data and enabling timely adaptation. Theoretical analysis confirms the feasibility of this objective function for drift adaptation, and an efficient incremental update rule is derived. Experimental results on a real-world safety assessment task validate the efficiency, effectiveness in adapting to drift, and potential to capture temporal patterns of Lite-RVFL. The source code is available at https://github.com/songqiaohu/Lite-RVFL.

CoIn-SafeLink: Safety-critical Control With Cost-sensitive Incremental Random Vector Functional Link Network

Control barrier functions (CBFs) play a crucial role in achieving the safety-critical control of robotic systems theoretically. However, most existing methods rely on the analytical expressions of unsafe state regions, which is often impractical for irregular and dynamic unsafe regions. In this paper, a novel CBF construction approach, called CoIn-SafeLink, is proposed based on cost-sensitive incremental random vector functional-link (RVFL) neural networks. By designing an appropriate cost function, CoIn-SafeLink achieves differentiated sensitivities to safe and unsafe samples, effectively achieving zero false-negative risk in unsafe sample classification. Additionally, an incremental update theorem for CoIn-SafeLink is proposed, enabling precise adjustments in response to changes in the unsafe region. Finally, the gradient analytical expression of the CoIn-SafeLink is provided to calculate the control input. The proposed method is validated on a 3-degree-of-freedom drone attitude control system. Experimental results demonstrate that the method can effectively learn the unsafe region boundaries and rapidly adapt as these regions evolve, with an update speed approximately five times faster than comparison methods. The source code is available at https://github.com/songqiaohu/CoIn-SafeLink.

Performance-bounded Online Ensemble Learning Method Based on Multi-armed bandits and Its Applications in Real-time Safety Assessment

Ensemble learning plays a crucial role in practical applications of online learning due to its enhanced classification performance and adaptable adjustment mechanisms. However, most weight allocation strategies in ensemble learning are heuristic, making it challenging to theoretically guarantee that the ensemble classifier outperforms its base classifiers. To address this issue, a performance-bounded online ensemble learning method based on multi-armed bandits, named PB-OEL, is proposed in this paper. Specifically, multi-armed bandit with expert advice is incorporated into online ensemble learning, aiming to update the weights of base classifiers and make predictions. A theoretical framework is established to bound the performance of the ensemble classifier relative to base classifiers. By setting expert advice of bandits, the bound exceeds the performance of any base classifier when the length of data stream is sufficiently large. Additionally, performance bounds for scenarios with limited annotations are also derived. Numerous experiments on benchmark datasets and a dataset of real-time safety assessment tasks are conducted. The experimental results validate the theoretical bound to a certain extent and demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods.

Real-time Safety Assessment of Dynamic Systems in Non-stationary Environments: A Review of Methods and Techniques

Real-time safety assessment (RTSA) of dynamic systems is a critical task that has significant implications for various fields such as industrial and transportation applications, especially in non-stationary environments. However, the absence of a comprehensive review of real-time safety assessment methods in non-stationary environments impedes the progress and refinement of related methods. In this paper, a review of methods and techniques for RTSA tasks in non-stationary environments is provided. Specifically, the background and significance of RTSA approaches in non-stationary environments are firstly highlighted. We then present a problem description that covers the definition, classification, and main challenges. We review recent developments in related technologies such as online active learning, online semi-supervised learning, online transfer learning, and online anomaly detection. Finally, we discuss future outlooks and potential directions for further research. Our review aims to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of real-time safety assessment methods in non-stationary environments, which can serve as a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners in this field.

CADM: Confusion Model-based Detection Method for Real-drift in Chunk Data Stream

Concept drift detection has attracted considerable attention due to its importance in many real-world applications such as health monitoring and fault diagnosis. Conventionally, most advanced approaches will be of poor performance when the evaluation criteria of the environment has changed (i.e. concept drift), either can only detect and adapt to virtual drift. In this paper, we propose a new approach to detect real-drift in the chunk data stream with limited annotations based on concept confusion. When a new data chunk arrives, we use both real labels and pseudo labels to update the model after prediction and drift detection. In this context, the model will be confused and yields prediction difference once drift occurs. We then adopt cosine similarity to measure the difference. And an adaptive threshold method is proposed to find the abnormal value. Experiments show that our method has a low false alarm rate and false negative rate with the utilization of different classifiers.