Deep Learning in Alzheimer's disease: Diagnostic Classification and Prognostic Prediction using Neuroimaging Data

The application of deep learning to early detection and automated classification of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has recently gained considerable attention as rapid progress in neuroimaging techniques has generated large-scale multimodal neuroimaging data. Here we systematically reviewed publications, where deep learning approaches and neuroimaging data were used for diagnostic classification of AD. A PubMed and google scholar search was performed to find deep learning papers for AD published between January 2013 and July 2018, which were reviewed, evaluated, and classified by algorithms and neuroimaging types, and findings were summarized. The diagnostic classification of AD using deep learning approaches and neuroimaging data was examined in 16 studies. The approach to combine traditional machine learning for classification and stacked auto-encoder (SAE) for feature selection has produced accuracies of up to 98.8% for AD classification and 83.7% for prediction of conversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a prodromal stage of AD, to AD. Deep learning approaches such as convolutional neural network (CNN) or recurrent neural network (RNN) using neuroimaging data without preprocessing for feature selection have yielded accuracies of up to 96.0% for AD classification and 84.2% for MCI conversion prediction. Furthermore, the best classification performance was obtained when multimodal neuroimaging data as well as fluid biomarkers were integrated. Deep learning approaches without preprocessing neuroimaging data for feature selection, a major bottleneck of traditional machining learning in high-dimensional data, continue to improve their performance and to show great promise in the diagnostic classification of AD using multimodal neuroimaging data.