LLMs as Educational Analysts: Transforming Multimodal Data Traces into Actionable Reading Assessment Reports

Reading assessments are essential for enhancing students' comprehension, yet many EdTech applications focus mainly on outcome-based metrics, providing limited insights into student behavior and cognition. This study investigates the use of multimodal data sources -- including eye-tracking data, learning outcomes, assessment content, and teaching standards -- to derive meaningful reading insights. We employ unsupervised learning techniques to identify distinct reading behavior patterns, and then a large language model (LLM) synthesizes the derived information into actionable reports for educators, streamlining the interpretation process. LLM experts and human educators evaluate these reports for clarity, accuracy, relevance, and pedagogical usefulness. Our findings indicate that LLMs can effectively function as educational analysts, turning diverse data into teacher-friendly insights that are well-received by educators. While promising for automating insight generation, human oversight remains crucial to ensure reliability and fairness. This research advances human-centered AI in education, connecting data-driven analytics with practical classroom applications.

Beyond Instructed Tasks: Recognizing In-the-Wild Reading Behaviors in the Classroom Using Eye Tracking

Understanding reader behaviors such as skimming, deep reading, and scanning is essential for improving educational instruction. While prior eye-tracking studies have trained models to recognize reading behaviors, they often rely on instructed reading tasks, which can alter natural behaviors and limit the applicability of these findings to in-the-wild settings. Additionally, there is a lack of clear definitions for reading behavior archetypes in the literature. We conducted a classroom study to address these issues by collecting instructed and in-the-wild reading data. We developed a mixed-method framework, including a human-driven theoretical model, statistical analyses, and an AI classifier, to differentiate reading behaviors based on their velocity, density, and sequentiality. Our lightweight 2D CNN achieved an F1 score of 0.8 for behavior recognition, providing a robust approach for understanding in-the-wild reading. This work advances our ability to provide detailed behavioral insights to educators, supporting more targeted and effective assessment and instruction.