PainDiffusion: Can robot express pain?

Pain is a more intuitive and user-friendly way of communicating problems, making it especially useful in rehabilitation nurse training robots. While most previous methods have focused on classifying or recognizing pain expressions, these approaches often result in unnatural, jiggling robot faces. We introduce PainDiffusion, a model that generates facial expressions in response to pain stimuli, with controllable pain expressiveness and emotion status. PainDiffusion leverages diffusion forcing to roll out predictions over arbitrary lengths using a conditioned temporal U-Net. It operates as a latent diffusion model within EMOCA's facial expression latent space, ensuring a compact data representation and quick rendering time. For training data, we process the BioVid Heatpain Database, extracting expression codes and subject identity configurations. We also propose a novel set of metrics to evaluate pain expressions, focusing on expressiveness, diversity, and the appropriateness of model-generated outputs. Finally, we demonstrate that PainDiffusion outperforms the autoregressive method, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Code, videos, and further analysis are available at: \href{https://damtien444.github.io/paindf/}{https://damtien444.github.io/paindf/}.

Leveraging Neural Radiance Field in Descriptor Synthesis for Keypoints Scene Coordinate Regression

Classical structural-based visual localization methods offer high accuracy but face trade-offs in terms of storage, speed, and privacy. A recent innovation, keypoint scene coordinate regression (KSCR) named D2S addresses these issues by leveraging graph attention networks to enhance keypoint relationships and predict their 3D coordinates using a simple multilayer perceptron (MLP). Camera pose is then determined via PnP+RANSAC, using established 2D-3D correspondences. While KSCR achieves competitive results, rivaling state-of-the-art image-retrieval methods like HLoc across multiple benchmarks, its performance is hindered when data samples are limited due to the deep learning model's reliance on extensive data. This paper proposes a solution to this challenge by introducing a pipeline for keypoint descriptor synthesis using Neural Radiance Field (NeRF). By generating novel poses and feeding them into a trained NeRF model to create new views, our approach enhances the KSCR's generalization capabilities in data-scarce environments. The proposed system could significantly improve localization accuracy by up to 50% and cost only a fraction of time for data synthesis. Furthermore, its modular design allows for the integration of multiple NeRFs, offering a versatile and efficient solution for visual localization. The implementation is publicly available at: https://github.com/ais-lab/DescriptorSynthesis4Feat2Map.

Representing 3D sparse map points and lines for camera relocalization

Recent advancements in visual localization and mapping have demonstrated considerable success in integrating point and line features. However, expanding the localization framework to include additional mapping components frequently results in increased demand for memory and computational resources dedicated to matching tasks. In this study, we show how a lightweight neural network can learn to represent both 3D point and line features, and exhibit leading pose accuracy by harnessing the power of multiple learned mappings. Specifically, we utilize a single transformer block to encode line features, effectively transforming them into distinctive point-like descriptors. Subsequently, we treat these point and line descriptor sets as distinct yet interconnected feature sets. Through the integration of self- and cross-attention within several graph layers, our method effectively refines each feature before regressing 3D maps using two simple MLPs. In comprehensive experiments, our indoor localization findings surpass those of Hloc and Limap across both point-based and line-assisted configurations. Moreover, in outdoor scenarios, our method secures a significant lead, marking the most considerable enhancement over state-of-the-art learning-based methodologies. The source code and demo videos of this work are publicly available at: https://thpjp.github.io/pl2map/

D2S: Representing local descriptors and global scene coordinates for camera relocalization

State-of-the-art visual localization methods mostly rely on complex procedures to match local descriptors and 3D point clouds. However, these procedures can incur significant cost in terms of inference, storage, and updates over time. In this study, we propose a direct learning-based approach that utilizes a simple network named D2S to represent local descriptors and their scene coordinates. Our method is characterized by its simplicity and cost-effectiveness. It solely leverages a single RGB image for localization during the testing phase and only requires a lightweight model to encode a complex sparse scene. The proposed D2S employs a combination of a simple loss function and graph attention to selectively focus on robust descriptors while disregarding areas such as clouds, trees, and several dynamic objects. This selective attention enables D2S to effectively perform a binary-semantic classification for sparse descriptors. Additionally, we propose a new outdoor dataset to evaluate the capabilities of visual localization methods in terms of scene generalization and self-updating from unlabeled observations. Our approach outperforms the state-of-the-art CNN-based methods in scene coordinate regression in indoor and outdoor environments. It demonstrates the ability to generalize beyond training data, including scenarios involving transitions from day to night and adapting to domain shifts, even in the absence of the labeled data sources. The source code, trained models, dataset, and demo videos are available at the following link: https://thpjp.github.io/d2s

Fast and Lightweight Scene Regressor for Camera Relocalization

Camera relocalization involving a prior 3D reconstruction plays a crucial role in many mixed reality and robotics applications. Estimating the camera pose directly with respect to pre-built 3D models can be prohibitively expensive for several applications with limited storage and/or communication bandwidth. Although recent scene and absolute pose regression methods have become popular for efficient camera localization, most of them are computation-resource intensive and difficult to obtain a real-time inference with high accuracy constraints. This study proposes a simple scene regression method that requires only a multi-layer perceptron network for mapping scene coordinates to achieve accurate camera pose estimations. The proposed approach uses sparse descriptors to regress the scene coordinates, instead of a dense RGB image. The use of sparse features provides several advantages. First, the proposed regressor network is substantially smaller than those reported in previous studies. This makes our system highly efficient and scalable. Second, the pre-built 3D models provide the most reliable and robust 2D-3D matches. Therefore, learning from them can lead to an awareness of equivalent features and substantially improve the generalization performance. A detailed analysis of our approach and extensive evaluations using existing datasets are provided to support the proposed method. The implementation detail is available at https://github.com/aislab/feat2map