GFCL: A GRU-based Federated Continual Learning Framework against Adversarial Attacks in IoV

The integration of ML in 5G-based Internet of Vehicles (IoV) networks has enabled intelligent transportation and smart traffic management. Nonetheless, the security against adversarial attacks is also increasingly becoming a challenging task. Specifically, Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is one of the widely used ML designs in IoV applications. The standard ML security techniques are not effective in DRL where the algorithm learns to solve sequential decision-making through continuous interaction with the environment, and the environment is time-varying, dynamic, and mobile. In this paper, we propose a Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU)-based federated continual learning (GFCL) anomaly detection framework against adversarial attacks in IoV. The objective is to present a lightweight and scalable framework that learns and detects the illegitimate behavior without having a-priori training dataset consisting of attack samples. We use GRU to predict a future data sequence to analyze and detect illegitimate behavior from vehicles in a federated learning-based distributed manner. We investigate the performance of our framework using real-world vehicle mobility traces. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed solution for different performance metrics.

Adversarial Attacks Against Deep Reinforcement Learning Framework in Internet of Vehicles

Machine learning (ML) has made incredible impacts and transformations in a wide range of vehicular applications. As the use of ML in Internet of Vehicles (IoV) continues to advance, adversarial threats and their impact have become an important subject of research worth exploring. In this paper, we focus on Sybil-based adversarial threats against a deep reinforcement learning (DRL)-assisted IoV framework and more specifically, DRL-based dynamic service placement in IoV. We carry out an experimental study with real vehicle trajectories to analyze the impact on service delay and resource congestion under different attack scenarios for the DRL-based dynamic service placement application. We further investigate the impact of the proportion of Sybil-attacked vehicles in the network. The results demonstrate that the performance is significantly affected by Sybil-based data poisoning attacks when compared to adversary-free healthy network scenario.

DRLD-SP: A Deep Reinforcement Learning-based Dynamic Service Placement in Edge-Enabled Internet of Vehicles

The growth of 5G and edge computing has enabled the emergence of Internet of Vehicles. It supports different types of services with different resource and service requirements. However, limited resources at the edge, high mobility of vehicles, increasing demand, and dynamicity in service request-types have made service placement a challenging task. A typical static placement solution is not effective as it does not consider the traffic mobility and service dynamics. Handling dynamics in IoV for service placement is an important and challenging problem which is the primary focus of our work in this paper. We propose a Deep Reinforcement Learning-based Dynamic Service Placement (DRLD-SP) framework with the objective of minimizing the maximum edge resource usage and service delay while considering the vehicle's mobility, varying demand, and dynamics in the requests for different types of services. We use SUMO and MATLAB to carry out simulation experiments. The experimental results show that the proposed DRLD-SP approach is effective and outperforms other static and dynamic placement approaches.

Reinforcement Learning-based Dynamic Service Placement in Vehicular Networks

The emergence of technologies such as 5G and mobile edge computing has enabled provisioning of different types of services with different resource and service requirements to the vehicles in a vehicular network.The growing complexity of traffic mobility patterns and dynamics in the requests for different types of services has made service placement a challenging task. A typical static placement solution is not effective as it does not consider the traffic mobility and service dynamics. In this paper, we propose a reinforcement learning-based dynamic (RL-Dynamic) service placement framework to find the optimal placement of services at the edge servers while considering the vehicle's mobility and dynamics in the requests for different types of services. We use SUMO and MATLAB to carry out simulation experiments. In our learning framework, for the decision module, we consider two alternative objective functions-minimizing delay and minimizing edge server utilization. We developed an ILP based problem formulation for the two objective functions. The experimental results show that 1) compared to static service placement, RL-based dynamic service placement achieves fair utilization of edge server resources and low service delay, and 2) compared to delay-optimized placement, server utilization optimized placement utilizes resources more effectively, achieving higher fairness with lower edge-server utilization.

Machine Learning for Security in Vehicular Networks: A Comprehensive Survey

Machine Learning (ML) has emerged as an attractive and viable technique to provide effective solutions for a wide range of application domains. An important application domain is vehicular networks wherein ML-based approaches are found to be very useful to address various problems. The use of wireless communication between vehicular nodes and/or infrastructure makes it vulnerable to different types of attacks. In this regard, ML and its variants are gaining popularity to detect attacks and deal with different kinds of security issues in vehicular communication. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of ML-based techniques for different security issues in vehicular networks. We first briefly introduce the basics of vehicular networks and different types of communications. Apart from the traditional vehicular networks, we also consider modern vehicular network architectures. We propose a taxonomy of security attacks in vehicular networks and discuss various security challenges and requirements. We classify the ML techniques developed in the literature according to their use in vehicular network applications. We explain the solution approaches and working principles of these ML techniques in addressing various security challenges and provide insightful discussion. The limitations and challenges in using ML-based methods in vehicular networks are discussed. Finally, we present observations and lessons learned before we conclude our work.