Conformal Prediction for Electricity Price Forecasting in the Day-Ahead and Real-Time Balancing Market

The integration of renewable energy into electricity markets poses significant challenges to price stability and increases the complexity of market operations. Accurate and reliable electricity price forecasting is crucial for effective market participation, where price dynamics can be significantly more challenging to predict. Probabilistic forecasting, through prediction intervals, efficiently quantifies the inherent uncertainties in electricity prices, supporting better decision-making for market participants. This study explores the enhancement of probabilistic price prediction using Conformal Prediction (CP) techniques, specifically Ensemble Batch Prediction Intervals and Sequential Predictive Conformal Inference. These methods provide precise and reliable prediction intervals, outperforming traditional models in validity metrics. We propose an ensemble approach that combines the efficiency of quantile regression models with the robust coverage properties of time series adapted CP techniques. This ensemble delivers both narrow prediction intervals and high coverage, leading to more reliable and accurate forecasts. We further evaluate the practical implications of CP techniques through a simulated trading algorithm applied to a battery storage system. The ensemble approach demonstrates improved financial returns in energy trading in both the Day-Ahead and Balancing Markets, highlighting its practical benefits for market participants.

Optimizing Quantile-based Trading Strategies in Electricity Arbitrage

Efficiently integrating renewable resources into electricity markets is vital for addressing the challenges of matching real-time supply and demand while reducing the significant energy wastage resulting from curtailments. To address this challenge effectively, the incorporation of storage devices can enhance the reliability and efficiency of the grid, improving market liquidity and reducing price volatility. In short-term electricity markets, participants navigate numerous options, each presenting unique challenges and opportunities, underscoring the critical role of the trading strategy in maximizing profits. This study delves into the optimization of day-ahead and balancing market trading, leveraging quantile-based forecasts. Employing three trading approaches with practical constraints, our research enhances forecast assessment, increases trading frequency, and employs flexible timestamp orders. Our findings underscore the profit potential of simultaneous participation in both day-ahead and balancing markets, especially with larger battery storage systems; despite increased costs and narrower profit margins associated with higher-volume trading, the implementation of high-frequency strategies plays a significant role in maximizing profits and addressing market challenges. Finally, we modelled four commercial battery storage systems and evaluated their economic viability through a scenario analysis, with larger batteries showing a shorter return on investment.

Electricity Price Forecasting in the Irish Balancing Market

Short-term electricity markets are becoming more relevant due to less-predictable renewable energy sources, attracting considerable attention from the industry. The balancing market is the closest to real-time and the most volatile among them. Its price forecasting literature is limited, inconsistent and outdated, with few deep learning attempts and no public dataset. This work applies to the Irish balancing market a variety of price prediction techniques proven successful in the widely studied day-ahead market. We compare statistical, machine learning, and deep learning models using a framework that investigates the impact of different training sizes. The framework defines hyperparameters and calibration settings; the dataset and models are made public to ensure reproducibility and to be used as benchmarks for future works. An extensive numerical study shows that well-performing models in the day-ahead market do not perform well in the balancing one, highlighting that these markets are fundamentally different constructs. The best model is LEAR, a statistical approach based on LASSO, which outperforms more complex and computationally demanding approaches.

SATfeatPy - A Python-based Feature Extraction System for Satisfiability

Feature extraction is a fundamental task in the application of machine learning methods to SAT solving. It is used in algorithm selection and configuration for solver portfolios and satisfiability classification. Many approaches have been proposed to extract meaningful attributes from CNF instances. Most of them lack a working/updated implementation, and the limited descriptions lack clarity affecting the reproducibility. Furthermore, the literature misses a comparison among the features. This paper introduces SATfeatPy, a library that offers feature extraction techniques for SAT problems in the CNF form. This package offers the implementation of all the structural and statistical features from there major papers in the field. The library is provided in an up-to-date, easy-to-use Python package alongside a detailed feature description. We show the high accuracy of SAT/UNSAT and problem category classification, using five sets of features generated using our library from a dataset of 3000 SAT and UNSAT instances, over ten different classes of problems. Finally, we compare the usefulness of the features and importance for predicting a SAT instance's original structure in an ablation study.