Cross-institution text mining to uncover clinical associations: a case study relating social factors and code status in intensive care medicine

Objective: Text mining of clinical notes embedded in electronic medical records is increasingly used to extract patient characteristics otherwise not or only partly available, to assess their association with relevant health outcomes. As manual data labeling needed to develop text mining models is resource intensive, we investigated whether off-the-shelf text mining models developed at external institutions, together with limited within-institution labeled data, could be used to reliably extract study variables to conduct association studies. Materials and Methods: We developed multiple text mining models on different combinations of within-institution and external-institution data to extract social factors from discharge reports of intensive care patients. Subsequently, we assessed the associations between social factors and having a do-not-resuscitate/intubate code. Results: Important differences were found between associations based on manually labeled data compared to text-mined social factors in three out of five cases. Adopting external-institution text mining models using manually labeled within-institution data resulted in models with higher F1-scores, but not in meaningfully different associations. Discussion: While text mining facilitated scaling analyses to larger samples leading to discovering a larger number of associations, the estimates may be unreliable. Confirmation is needed with better text mining models, ideally on a larger manually labeled dataset. Conclusion: The currently used text mining models were not sufficiently accurate to be used reliably in an association study. Model adaptation using within-institution data did not improve the estimates. Further research is needed to set conditions for reliable use of text mining in medical research.