Combining Physically-Based Modeling and Deep Learning for Fusing GRACE Satellite Data: Can We Learn from Mismatch?

Global hydrological and land surface models are increasingly used for tracking terrestrial total water storage (TWS) dynamics, but the utility of existing models is hampered by conceptual and/or data uncertainties related to various underrepresented and unrepresented processes, such as groundwater storage. The gravity recovery and climate experiment (GRACE) satellite mission provided a valuable independent data source for tracking TWS at regional and continental scales. Strong interests exist in fusing GRACE data into global hydrological models to improve their predictive performance. Here we develop and apply deep convolutional neural network (CNN) models to learn the spatiotemporal patterns of mismatch between TWS anomalies (TWSA) derived from GRACE and those simulated by NOAH, a widely used land surface model. Once trained, our CNN models can be used to correct the NOAH simulated TWSA without requiring GRACE data, potentially filling the data gap between GRACE and its follow-on mission, GRACE-FO. Our methodology is demonstrated over India, which has experienced significant groundwater depletion in recent decades that is nevertheless not being captured by the NOAH model. Results show that the CNN models significantly improve the match with GRACE TWSA, achieving a country-average correlation coefficient of 0.94 and Nash-Sutcliff efficient of 0.87, or 14\% and 52\% improvement respectively over the original NOAH TWSA. At the local scale, the learned mismatch pattern correlates well with the observed in situ groundwater storage anomaly data for most parts of India, suggesting that deep learning models effectively compensate for the missing groundwater component in NOAH for this study region.