Beyond Line of Sight Defense Communication Systems: Recent Advances and Future Challenges

Beyond Line of Sight (BLOS) communication stands as an indispensable element within defense communication strategies, facilitating information exchange in scenarios where traditional Line of Sight (LOS) methodologies encounter obstruction. This article delves into the forefront of technologies driving BLOS communication, emphasizing advanced systems like phantom networks, nanonetworks, aerial relays, and satellite-based defense communication. Moreover, we present a practical use case of UAV path planning using optimization techniques amidst radar-threat war zones that add concrete relevance, underscoring the tangible applications of BLOS defense communication systems. Additionally, we present several future research directions for BLOS communication in defense systems, such as resilience enhancement, the integration of heterogeneous networks, management of contested spectrums, advancements in multimedia communication, adaptive methodologies, and the burgeoning domain of the Internet of Military Things (IoMT). This exploration of BLOS technologies and their applications lays the groundwork for synergistic collaboration between industry and academia, fostering innovation in defense communication paradigms.