Wavelet-based Autoencoder and EfficientNet for Schizophrenia Detection from EEG Signals

Schizophrenia (SZ) is a complex mental disorder that necessitates accurate and timely diagnosis for effective treatment. Traditional methods for SZ classification often struggle to capture transient EEG features and face high computational complexity. This study proposes a convolutional autoencoder (CAE) to address these challenges by reducing dimensionality and computational complexity. Additionally, we introduce a novel approach utilizing spectral scalograms (SS) combined with EfficientNet (ENB) architectures. The SS, obtained through continuous wavelet transform, reveals temporal and spectral information of EEG signals, aiding in the identification of transient features. ENB models, through transfer learning (TL), extract discriminative features and improve SZ classification accuracy. Experimental evaluation on a comprehensive dataset demonstrates the efficacy of our approach, achieving a five-fold mean cross-validation accuracy of 98.5\% using CAE with a soft voting classifier and 99\% employing SS with the ENB7 model. These results suggest the potential of our methods to enhance SZ diagnosis, surpassing traditional deep learning (DL) and TL techniques. By leveraging CAE and ENBs, this research offers a robust framework for objective SZ classification, promoting early intervention and improved patient outcomes.

Efficient Context Integration through Factorized Pyramidal Learning for Ultra-Lightweight Semantic Segmentation

Semantic segmentation is a pixel-level prediction task to classify each pixel of the input image. Deep learning models, such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs), have been extremely successful in achieving excellent performances in this domain. However, mobile application, such as autonomous driving, demand real-time processing of incoming stream of images. Hence, achieving efficient architectures along with enhanced accuracy is of paramount importance. Since, accuracy and model size of CNNs are intrinsically contentious in nature, the challenge is to achieve a decent trade-off between accuracy and model size. To address this, we propose a novel Factorized Pyramidal Learning (FPL) module to aggregate rich contextual information in an efficient manner. On one hand, it uses a bank of convolutional filters with multiple dilation rates which leads to multi-scale context aggregation; crucial in achieving better accuracy. On the other hand, parameters are reduced by a careful factorization of the employed filters; crucial in achieving lightweight models. Moreover, we decompose the spatial pyramid into two stages which enables a simple and efficient feature fusion within the module to solve the notorious checkerboard effect. We also design a dedicated Feature-Image Reinforcement (FIR) unit to carry out the fusion operation of shallow and deep features with the downsampled versions of the input image. This gives an accuracy enhancement without increasing model parameters. Based on the FPL module and FIR unit, we propose an ultra-lightweight real-time network, called FPLNet, which achieves state-of-the-art accuracy-efficiency trade-off. More specifically, with only less than 0.5 million parameters, the proposed network achieves 66.93\% and 66.28\% mIoU on Cityscapes validation and test set, respectively. Moreover, FPLNet has a processing speed of 95.5 frames per second (FPS).