Bacterial Communications and Computing in Internet of Everything (IoE)

Concurrent with advancements in molecular communication (MC), bacterial communication is emerging as a key area of interest. Given the frequent use of bacteria in various MC models, it is essential to have a thorough grasp of their intrinsic communication, signaling, and engineering techniques. Although it is crucial to have a strong understanding of the communication background, the inherent biological variability of bacteria may introduce complexity. Thus, an in-depth understanding of bacteria and their communication is a must for improving and extending the models in which they are utilized. Furthermore, the emerging and evolving domain of bacterial computing provides an exciting opportunity for advancing applications in areas such as environmental monitoring and biological computing networks. By integrating the communication and sensing capabilities, bacterial computing offers a promising framework for enhancing the adaptability and responsiveness of bacteria. This paper provides a comprehensive review of bacterial communication and computing, illustrating their application and the link with the concept of the Internet of Everything (IoE). Through the analysis of these biological systems, we reach a deeper insight on how the small-scale interactions may contribute to the major concept of universal interconnectedness; thus, we make the knowledge to flow and communication stronger between different fields. The discussion include the identification of the different bacterial mechanisms that could revolutionize the traditional communication systems. Thus, this paper offers valuable insights into previously unaddressed aspects of bacterial behavior, suggesting novel avenues for future research and aiming to advance understanding and application of bacterial sensing, communication and computing in MC models.