Same-Day Delivery with Fairness

The demand for same-day delivery (SDD) has increased rapidly in the last few years and has particularly boomed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Existing literature on the problem has focused on maximizing the utility, represented as the total number of expected requests served. However, a utility-driven solution results in unequal opportunities for customers to receive delivery service, raising questions about fairness. In this paper, we study the problem of achieving fairness in SDD. We construct a regional-level fairness constraint that ensures customers from different regions have an equal chance of being served. We develop a reinforcement learning model to learn policies that focus on both overall utility and fairness. Experimental results demonstrate the ability of our approach to mitigate the unfairness caused by geographic differences and constraints of resources, at both coarser and finer-grained level and with a small cost to utility. In addition, we simulate a real-world situation where the system is suddenly overwhelmed by a surge of requests, mimicking the COVID-19 scenario. Our model is robust to the systematic pressure and is able to maintain fairness with little compromise to the utility.