Deep Constrained Clustering - Algorithms and Advances

The area of constrained clustering has been extensively explored by researchers and used by practitioners. Constrained clustering formulations exist for popular algorithms such as k-means, mixture models, and spectral clustering but have several limitations. We explore a deep learning formulation of constrained clustering and in particular explore how it can extend the field of constrained clustering. We show that our formulation can not only handle standard together/apart constraints without the well documented negative effects reported but can also model instance level constraints (level-of-difficulty), cluster level constraints (balancing cluster size) and triplet constraints. The first two are new ways for domain experts to enforce guidance whilst the later importantly allows generating ordering constraints from continuous side-information.