GANDA: A deep generative adversarial network predicts the spatial distribution of nanoparticles in tumor pixelly

Intratumoral nanoparticles (NPs) distribution is critical for the diagnostic and therapeutic effect, but methods to predict the distribution remain unavailable due to the complex bio-nano interactions. Here, we developed a Generative Adversarial Network for Distribution Analysis (GANDA) to make pixels-to-pixels prediction of the NPs distribution across tumors. This predictive model used deep learning approaches to automatically learn the features of tumor vessels and cell nuclei from whole-slide images of tumor sections. We showed that the GANDA could generate images of NPs distribution with the same spatial resolution as original images of tumor vessels and nuclei. The GANDA enabled quantitative analysis of NPs distribution (R2=0.93) and extravasation without knowing their real distribution. This model provides opportunities to investigate how influencing factors affect NPs distribution in individual tumors and may guide nanomedicine optimization for personalized treatments.